Name: How Can the Universe Be Flat?
Uploaded: 2020-03-30T05:32:09.000Z
Duration: 5 min 39 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

It's the fundamental idea behind Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Every black hole, every star, every space rock, Ben, small bits of space time like a bowling ball on a trampoline.

But if certain areas of the universe can be curved, soak in the universe as a whole.

How does the overall amount of stuff in the universe curve it?

In other words, what is the geometry of the universe?

The possible answers are surprisingly uncomplicated.

The university neither have a positive curvature, a negative curvature or it could be flat with no coverage.

But figuring out which one of those is true is a little more involved.

When you zoom out really far like on the order of 300 million light years, the universe looks the same from every point in space, which means the universe is overall.

To this doesn't make it any easier to picture what it means for three D space to be flat or curved.

Because human brains can't perceive things from some external fourth spacial dimension up, we can try, really, it comes down to what happens when you draw a triangle connecting three points and add up the angles between them.

If they equal 180 degrees, like in a regular triangle, you draw on a piece of paper.

You live in a flat universe scientist model that with a flat, infinitely long place.

If the angles of the triangle add up to more than 180 degrees, though you live in a positively curved universe, this is where things get harder to picture.

You can get an idea of how this happens by connecting three points on a sphere instead of straight lines.

Each side of the triangle curves along the sphere and you end up with a set of bigger angles.

It's like the sides are bowing inward and the angles come out to be less than 180 degrees.

Physicist model it with a kind of saddle shaped.

Unfortunately, the universe is just too big for us to actually test this out.

It's like how the earth's surface feels flat beneath our feet, even though it's positively curved.

We'd never be able to tell if the sides of the triangle were bend.

But there are other methods we could use to figure out the universe's geometry.

It all depends on how much matter and energy is out there, curving space time divided into three main groups.

First and probably the most obvious is matter that includes all the matter we know and love, like protons, neutrons and electrons as well as dark matter, which we can't detect visually.

But we know is there because of its gravitational pull.

There are also a lot of massless photons and nearly massless neutrinos flying through space at or near the speed of light.

They get their own group, and finally, there's dark energy, the mysterious stuff that's making the universe expand more quickly.

Estimates put dark energy at comprising somewhere around 75% of all the stuff in the universe.

Right now, figuring out the geometry caused by these ratios is easier said than done.

It all centers around the critical density, the exact amount of stuff you need in the universe for it to be flat.

The universe will have negative curvature.

If it's Maur, we're in a positively curved universe, and the thing is, we don't know the exact critical density.

It depends on both the strength of gravity as well as how fast the universe is expanding.

And we're still working on exact numbers for the ladder.

We've gotten really close to exact numbers.

Cosmologists can get a very precise estimate of how fast the universe is expanding, using things like supernovas or temperature fluctuations in the radiation left over from the big bad.

And in 2015 researchers used data from the Plank Space Telescope to get a similarly precise estimate of the rial density of the universe.

Even when you take into account the margins of error, the rial density is so close to the critical density that cosmologists are pretty confident.

Of course, the universe is geometry doesn't affect us on a day to day basis.

But it does help answer one of the fundamental questions of existence.

How will the universe And if there were no such thing as dark energy, the curvature itself would doom a reality to one of two fates.

If we lived in a positive universe, everything would eventually collapse back in on itself, and the universe would end in what cosmologists call the Big Crunch.

If the universe were negatively curved or flat, the universe would continue expanding forever, and everything will end in ice not fired.

But with any amount of dark energy, the story gets more complicated.

These charts include a couple of new hypothetical fates like Ah, big Bounce, where, instead of starting with the Big Bang, the universe would switch between expanding and contracting when it hit a certain minimum size.

But with current measurements, the universe looks like it had a clear start and will end just not with the bay, although it won't end with a whimper either, because a sound wave wouldn't be able to propagate through that vacuum.

And if you're interested in learning more about that, you can check out the episode about the end of everything on the main sideshow channel.

 In the meantime, thanks for watching this episode of size show space firm or videos on the weirdness of the universe and everything space. 