we're gonna gain even more appreciation

for why the periodic table of elements is so useful.

And in particular, we're going to focus on

groups of the periodic table of elements.

When we talk about a group,

we're just talking about a column.

And as we'll see, even though the elements in a given column

might have very different atomic numbers,

they all have similar properties.

And the reason why they all have similar properties is,

in most cases, they have the same number

of valence electrons.

Remember, valence electrons are the reactive electrons,

the ones that might interact with other things.

And because elements with similar valence electrons

will have similar reactivities, they will form similar ions.

Similar ions.

And they will have similar roles.

Similar roles in ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds.

Now, for the sake of this video, I'm gonna focus most on

the extremes of the periodic table,

the groups at the left and the right,

because those are the closest to having a full outer shell,

either by losing electrons or by gaining electrons.

So just to remind ourselves,

what does it mean to have a full, full outer shell?

Well, in general, people will refer to the octet rule.

For our second, third, fourth, fifth, and on and on shells,

you're full when you have eight electrons.

Eight electrons.

The major exception to the octet rule is the first shell,

where it is full with two electrons.

So helium, even though it only has two electrons,

is very, very, very stable.

And the major data point that we have around this octet rule

are the group 18 elements right over here,

also known as the noble gasses.

They're known as the noble gasses

because they're very unreactive, they're very content,

they don't wanna mess around with anyone else.

And that's because all of the noble gasses

have full outer shells.

Helium's outer shell is the first shell and it's full.

Neon's outer shell's the second shell, it's full.

Argon's outer shell is the third shell and it's full,

and so on and so forth.

Now, if we go one group to the left of the noble gasses,

we get to the halogens.

Now, the halogens have seven valence electrons.

So you can imagine, they're only one electron away from

having an electron configuration like the noble gas

to the right of each of them.

So these halogens right over here,

these really like to attract electrons

to form a negative ion or an anion.

So you'll oftentimes see fluorine as a fluoride anion,

so it has a negative one charge.

Or you'll also see chlorine with a negative one charge

as the chloride anion.

And I could go on and on.

You'll often see iodine gain an electron

and have a negative one charge.

If you go one step to the left, the oxygen group,

oxygen, sulfur, and on and on,

these elements have six valence electrons.

So it's still easier for them to have a full outer shell

by gaining two electrons than by losing six electrons.

So these elements also like to attract electrons.

So you can see oxygen as an oxide anion.

It has gained two electrons,

it's swiped it from somebody else.

Sulfur as a sulfide anion.

Now, if you go to the other extreme of the periodic table,

if you look at group one elements,

they have one valence electron.

And especially the ones that you look,

and you see in red here,

which are known as the alkali metals,

it's much easier for them to lose an electron

to have a full outer shell

than for them to gain seven electrons.

The reason why hydrogen's a bit of an exception is

it doesn't have to gain seven electrons

to have a full outer shell, it has to gain one.

So hydrogen could lose one,

and essentially have no electrons,

or it could gain one electron

and it would have a full outer shell like helium.

But when we think about ionic compounds,

these alkali metals are really

some of the most interesting participants.

Because as you can imagine, for them to get stable,

they wanna give away an electron.

So you're very likely to see them

having given away an electron

and having a positive one charge.

So you'll oftentimes see a lithium ion

with a positive one charge,

a sodium ion with a positive one charge,

a potassium ion with a positive one charge.

And that's, in general,

true of all of these group one elements.

Now, what about these group two elements,

also known as the alkaline earth metals?

Well, once again, it's easier for them to lose two electrons

than for them to gain six and have a full outer shell.

So, you'll typically see beryllium

having a positive two charge.

It would have lost those two electrons.

Magnesium as having a positive two charge.

Calcium as having a positive two charge.

Now, given that, how would you expect things on the left

and things on the right to form ionic compounds?

So you might guess, if you have an alkali metal

in the presence of a halogen,

things could get very reactive.

In fact, things will get very reactive

because these wanna give away electron,

these wanna take electron.

And that's what will happen.

The electrons will leave the group one elements

and then they will go to the halogen.

And in the process it might release a lot of energy,

but what you'd be left with is an ionic compound.

For example, lithium loses a electron

and has a positive one charge.

That positive ion would be very attracted to

a chlorine anion that has just gained an electron.

Maybe it's the same electron,

or it swiped that electron from another lithium atom.

And so these two things would be attracted

and they could form lithium chloride.

And all of these alkali metals could play that same role

in this ionic compound as lithium.

So it's also typical to see sodium chloride.

That is table salt.

It's also typical to see potassium chloride.

So on and so forth.

And on the other hand, fluorine or bromine or iodine

can play a similar role as chlorine.

So you could see something like sodium iodide

or potassium iodide.

Once again, the alkali metal would have lost an electron,

the halogen would have gained an electron,

and then they're attracted to each other

in forming these ionic compounds.

What kind of ionic compounds might be formed

with these group two elements?

Let's take calcium, for example.

It's not unreasonable for calcium to lose two electrons

to have a stable outer shell,

to have an electron configuration like argon.

So if it loses two electrons it has a positive two charge.

And you could imagine, those two electrons get lost

to two different iodine atoms.

So each of them have a negative one charge, so times two,

and then what type of ionic compound could they form?

Well, you could have one calcium and then two iodines.

So calcium iodide is actually

an ionic compound you would see.

It has a neutral charge overall

because calcium has a positive two charge

and each of the iodines have a negative one charge,

but then you have two of them, so it is neutral overall.

What might calcium do with oxygen?

Well, calcium likes to lose two electrons,

oxygen likes to gain two electrons,

so you could see something like calcium oxide.

So I will leave you there.

The big picture here is, the column in which an element is

tells you a lot about its reactivity

because it tells you in general

how many valence electrons it has.

And atoms are most stable when they have a full outer shell

and so that helps you predict, hey, is it easier for them

to lose electrons and form a positive ion

or gain electrons and form a negative ion?

And then from that, you could make predictions

as to the types of ionic compounds

that could be formed with the different elements.