Other than by proving mathematical theorems which are not about the material world, the answer is the process that the philosopher Karl Popper called conjecture and refutation.

And he hoped the exploration of the facts rather than conjecture gave them some reassurance today.

We are often wholly unable even to conjecture how this could have been affected.

What would I give to hear your strictures on them?" "Your conjecture is totally wrong, I assure you;

The scientific establishment has sort of laughed at your conjecture and laughed at your theories, while people like Neil DeGrasse Tyson sort of insults anything that you propose as preposterous, which I think is preposterous.

Yeah, currently, I'm attempting to solve the Penrose conjecture.

Anything that I say here today is very likely conjecture, falsehoods, or simply made up.

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demolish demolish demure demure deplorable deplorable deport deport deprivation deprivation deride deride desirable desirable desolate desolate despot despot deter deter detergent detergent detriment detriment devolution devolution diarrhea diarrhea dilate dilate diligence diligence diminish diminish disapproval disapproval disbelief disbelief discard discard disciple disciple discomfort discomfort discredit discredit dismal dismal dispatch dispatch dissatisfaction dissatisfaction domicile domicile dormitory dormitory dowry dowry drape drape drizzle drizzle drone drone drought drought drowsy drowsy dusk dusk Dutch Dutch dynasty dynasty dysentery dysentery earnings earnings easel easel edible edible egoism egoism embankment embankment embark embark embroider embroider empower empower endorse endorse enrich enrich entail entail envisage envisage er er escalator escalator evasion evasion excel excel exemption exempt exhale exhale expedient expedient expend expend extinct extinct fable fable facilitate facilitate falcon falcon fastidious fastidious fathom falcon feet feet feeble feeble ferocious ferocious fiber fiber fiddle fiddle fig thick fillet fillet flake flake flask flask flippers flippers flourish flourish flute flute foliage foliage fortress fortress frenzy frenzy funnel funnel guild guild gills gills google google giraffe giraffe girdle girdle gloss gloss gnat gnat go between go between grope grope guile guile gust gust haphazard haphazard harness harness haze haze half half hedge hedge helm helm heritage heritage heron heron herring herring hugh hugh hijack hijack hind hind hurdle hurdle hurl hurl hybrid hybrid icicle icicle ignoble ignoble illuminate illuminate imaginable imaginable immense immense imminent imminent immobile immobile immoderate immoderate impatience impatience impossibility impossibility imprison imprison improbable improbable imprudence imprudence impure impure inaccessible inaccessible inaccurate inaccurate inaudible inaudible inaugurate inaugurate inclination inclination incomparable incomparable incompatible incompatible incomprehensible incomprehensible indecent indecent indictment indictment indifference indifference indigestion indigestion infantry infantry inflame inflame inflict inflict influenza influenza ingenious ingenious inhabit inhabit inhuman inhuman innumerable innumerable inoculate inoculate inoffensive inoffensive impatient impatient inquire inquire inscribe inscribe insensible insensible inseparable inseparable insolence insolence installment installment insufficient insufficient insular insular insulation insulation interact interact intermediary intermediary intolerable intolerable intoxicate intoxicate invaluable invaluable Invariable invariable Irreparable irreparable irreplaceable irreplaceable Jackal jackal Jolly Jolly Jubilee Jubilee Judicial judicial Tattered tattered Baffle baffle Juggle juggle Justification justification Languish languish Lark lark Lateral lateral lattice lattice leaden leaden leech leech Livelihood livelihood Loneliness Loneliness Madden Madden Maggot maggot Malignant malignant malnutrition malnutrition Mandate Mandate manhood manhood Maneuver Maneuver Manpower Manpower Mayor Mare Marvel Marvel Mayonnaise mayonnaise Measles measles Mediate Mediate Melancholy melancholy Minimize Minimize Miscalculate Miscalculate Mischief mischief Misty Misty Misuse misuse Monastery Monastery More more Mortify Mortify Mo mo Multicultural Multicultural Mutton Mutton Navigable navigable Nitrogen Nitrogen Nobility Nobility Non stop non stop Novice novice Noxious noxious Null null Nutshell Nutchell Oats oats Obstinacy obstinacy Obstruct obstruct Odious odious Odor Odor offhand offhand onset onset Onward Onward Opaque opaque optical optical orator orator orchid orchid or ostrich ostrich padlock podlock pagan pagan palate palate Partridge partridge peacock peacock pete pete Pedigree pedigree Penetrate Penetrate Peril peril perish perish Perpetual perpetual perseverance Perseverance Pest pest pheasant pheasant Pickpocket pickpocket Pier Pier Placard placard Placid placid Plank plank Plough plough pluck pluck Poacher poach Pollute pollute Porcelain Porcelain Poor poor Porous porous Portuguese Portuguese Potent Potent Poultry Poultry Precarious Precarious Predicament Predicament Preface Preface.

All of this is conjecture.

and the linguistic monitor model is a conjecture based on that.