- It's a very good and a very Important question

And I think about it a lot With my fellow elders

Nelson Mandela brought this group Of elders together

And we constantly look at failed states، States in conflict

Visit، and try to analyze

I also have another reference point Which you touched on

I've been on the board and the prize comity Of the Mo Ibrahim foundation

Since it's started we're like 10 years 2016 is our 10th year

And the Ibrahim index Covers 15 years

Because we did 2 years at a time

And it covers 4 main areas

Safety and rule of law، which covers Rule of law، accountability، personal safety

And national safety

And then participation and human rights Which covers participation، rights and gender

And sustainable economic opportunity which is Public management، business environment

Infrastructure and rural sectors

And then human development which is Welfare، education and health

So it's a broad mix

And what we notice is first of all That unfortunately the countries at the bottom

Of the 54 African countries Are countries in conflict

That's very simple، it's very clear With Somalia at the bottom

Secondly، if countries don't have A good balance between those 4

They may be likely to have difficulties

And interestingly، that happened During the Arab spring

There were strong economic development To some extent

But not participation in rights

And you had the flare Up of the Arab spring

And we could have predicted it We didn t، but we could have

Afterwards when we looked To the data

We said we should've been Able to message that

- Gebril، why didn't this region Forecast the Arab spring

If you believe it felt juicy And how did governors play a part؟

- Well، first of all I would like to extend my gratitude and thanks for the invitation

I would say that because of change of paradigm That took place by the end of the 80s early 90s

We live in a completely new world

Ironically enough، societies all over the world Became more globalized

While governments and states، Most of them are a little national

And this is really ironic And funny at the same time

If you look at Europe today because of the wave of immigration، immigrants، refugees

They are taking nationalities

And don't rule out that one of the possibilities

Like this you know

On the other hand، Arab societies Are getting connected

Because the name of the game In the global world is connectivity

With the new expectations Specially the youth

They have more skills More expectations، more dreams

The governments faced those uprisings With the old tools، from the industrial age

Whether their security systems، Their education systems

Their work force Everything is related to the past

Therefore، you have 2 options

Governments that do not adapt Themselves to this globalized age

They're going to fail

Governments that are not responsive enough To those new dreams of global societies

I would say، or global individuals in those societies With those new dreams

They're going to fail

So the name of the game is Responsiveness in the past

Where more inclusiveness Is at heart of everything

And more adaptation and realignment Of the global society

- In your experience Why do governments fail؟

- In my experience I think that Every government fails sometimes

And have some success some other times

No government can pretend having only successes

To try، and try again

Of course success depends very much on The legitimacy that one government may have

If you have، as Mahmud Gebril Has mentioned it very rightly

If you have strong institutions coming from history If you have a very cohesive society

It's of course a very strong help

Because you can support your work On very very strong tools

But the legitimacy is the key Because if you are able to put forward a strong vision

A long term vision، with strong institutions And if you have، you are able to mobilize

Public consent

Then of course reforms adaptations Are a lot easier

Even a refugee crisis can be solved

But the big problem is you are very often Not able to fulfill the demand of the people

On a short term basis Which is what they ask

Look at what happened in Germany for example

Angela Merkel has been having A very human reaction to the refugee crisis

But of course، problems are there And problems are not easy to solve

And the numbers are so high One million people coming just in the last year

This is a huge burden for the German society Even if they have faced reunification

And have the courage to go for reunification From one that one other

One million refugees is of course A big big problem

So you cannot have answers On a short term basis

And it's difficult to explain With the media pressure

With the social networks pressure

Very difficult to find answers just in One day، one week، one month

So it takes time، it takes more legitimacy And also it takes new tools

Because new technologies، new challenges You need to adapt constantly yourself

So there's not just one answer At the time

You cannot just say I have a success today

And I will be successful tomorrow

No you need constantly to change And work harder

- Been more than 14 minutes then to sort it out Is that what you're telling us right؟

Okay، only got 14 minutes We've got less than 30 now

Miss Younes، your thought

- Yeah I'd like to go، move forward Rather than go backwards

I think there's a pending danger Which was shake the all the governments

Not just few governments

This is the concentration of wealth The way their wealth world is moving

The information given to us today 62 people in the world، own more wealth

Than the bottom half of the population

6 years back، the number was 388 people Owning more than half the wealth of the population

So this number is decreasing And wealth is accumulating

And we are in the way where one person Will own more than half the wealth of the world

This is the direction we're going

Even presidential candidate in the USA Barney Sanders، repeatedly saying

One tenth of 1% of the US population Own 80% of the wealth of the United States

So if you go by country by country This will be a threat

Because all we talk about human rights Democracy، freedom of the speech

Everything will be threatened If we cannot stop this

This is a global consensus is needed That we cannot allow this concentration to continue

1% of the population of the world Owning 99% of the wealth of the world، today

Tomorrow، it will be worse

So that's the danger that we have to see If we have to protect our government

If we have to protect our civilization We cannot allow this to continue

- Whatever the existential pressures Or challenges are Mary

Muhammad Yunus here pointed out that Inequality is something that the government

Can do something about

What about exclusion، a lack of Social justice، a lack of trust

Consensus and a collective aim for a country How do we rate these things on where to look

At how you achieve a successful government؟

- Well first of all I do agree with Yunus about the gross inequality

which is worsening and I think it's really undermining

legitimacy and credibility of the governments and I think

we have to be conscious of that and it has to be addressed

- who's going to address that؟ - well، I think it has to be

addressed country by country but also at a level of you know

The need to understand that cooperate power

when it becomes power to determine who will win elections

and it's close to that now just abiding of elections

intense money being put in to support candidates

despite all the problems in the united states

at least there's some evidence of a vibrant response by citizens

and I think that's to be welcomed but back to your point

about the inconclusiveness I think we have to remember

that basically business was about a social compact

business got the right to incorporate on the bases of you know

contributing to human welfare basically and I think we need to remember that

we need to have gender equality and I m very pleased to see

constant progress in this region particularly in the U.A.E on that

because that's part of inclusion also you know LBT rights

the gay and lesbian rights I think these are an important

Part of generating real social stability and social contract

I m reminded a little bit We were talking about it earlier

the way in which we got agreement on climate in Paris

was because the process was more inclusive

the smallest countries felt they were being listened to

the smaller states the least developed countries

and the target set of well below 2 degrees of warming

and striving for 1.5 was a better target that we ve

had up till now and will save countries

from going underwater will keep African countries

from being so buffeted by draught and flooding

- that it undermines government - at the beginning of this

there were a number of things that government's can't control

but perhaps I should sort of row back on that

to a certain extent because climate change

is something governments can control، and I want to ask

around the palace just how important you think that is

to a successful government in the years ahead

wars actually governments one single government

may not be able to do anything about a war

somewhere else but together they can

let's just start with because I think climate change

is very much in the news Dominique De Villepin

you're sense of how important that will be as an issue for

governments to be successful going forth in the way

- they deal with it - I believe that there's a growing

awareness of how important it is because we see everywhere

in the plant the consequences unfortunately for very poor countries

countries like Bangladesh، Maldives they are facing huge challenges

but in every country the U.S، in Europe، we see

every day the consequences of climate change

so I believe there's a growing awareness، cop 21 in Paris

was an important momentum of this awareness

but there's so much to be done and the problem is how

are we going to be organized in a way to have foot full agreements

and to keep the promises that are being made today

for that we need objectives very clear objectives

each country has to contribute everyone has to be part

of the adventure، rich country less rich country، and poor countries

because that's really something that's going

to help understand that we have only one planet

and we can't change this planet so this is a link between countries

it is also a link between generations and I believe that

young people today are very much aware

- of the consequences of climate change - Provide us some solutions

Well I would go at two levels strategically at the national level

for any government it should start by positioning

it's economy within the context of the global economy

to discover the competitive edge for that economy

the moment it discovers that competitive edge

it has an identity for that economy the moment that has been done

all the other sub systems should be reconstructed

re-engineering، for instance education، we have moved

drastically from axis to knowledge to the management of knowledge

and today there isn't a single university not only in the region، world wide

that teaches management of knowledge for any government today

five skills are very much needed management of complexity

management of creativity and innovation management of uncertainty

management of flow of information and management of diversity

- so it's raise your hands - if humans beings yes it is

- I have to go - because I feel the human being

Is the most resource besides what you're talking about

we mentioned we focused on the young people

particularly، this new generation of young people،

has a lot more potential than we ever had before

because of the access to technology a five year old today

is more technologically oriented than a 50 year old

and this will get more and more like that، so there will be mismatch

between the government and the young generation

one of the most important solutions is connecting hearts and minds

this is the theme of Dubai expo 2020 this is one of the most difficult goals

for any government when I was prime minister

I wanted to push innovation in france because I knew we have a lot

of capabilities، a lot of good companies

a lot of good universities but they weren't connected together

so I invented a concept which were centers of competiveness

all over France، every region every small region was having a center