Name: Through the Virtual Cell
Uploaded: 2014-11-24T13:26:08.000Z
Duration: 6 min 48 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

It's time to climb into one of our cell submarines and take a virtual tour of our cellular landscape.

Looking straight ahead, you should see a large blue object studded with small yellow openings.

The nucleus is uniquely recognizable by the system of pores embedded within its outer membrane.

Biological materials move in and out through the pores.

They are the communication channel between the internal world of the nucleus

The nucleus contains the vast majority of the DNA in the cell.

The DNA contains all of the genetic information necessary

to carry out all of the functions of the cell,

as well as the tissues and organs in which the cell can be found.

That information is mobilized first by the process of transcription.

Let's pause and take a short look at the process.

the DNA is used as a template to make RNA.

Here, you can see that process in action.

These are all important components of the process call translation that is used to make proteins.

If we follow the final mRNA products out of the nucleus

we can see them in action during the process of translation.

Here you can see a particulate organelle called the ribosome.

It is partially composed of the rRNA we just spoke of.

additional amino acids are brought into place by the correct tRNA molecules.

is determined by triplet codes found in the mRNA.

Although some of these proteins stay within the cytoplasm,

others are trafficked to different locations within the cell

involves the endoplasmic reticulum (or ER)

We are now looking at the ER, or endoplasmic reticulum.

Some of the cell's ribosomes are attached to the ER

are inserted directly into the space inside the ER.

Those proteins can be packaged into vesicles

which depart the ER and migrate to the golgi apparatus.

Here, the vesicles merge to form a golgi cisterna

with the proteins located inside the cisterna's membrane.

This modification creates a molecular tag

Eventually, the cisterna will mature into the trans golgi network.

From here vesicles can deliver proteins to cellular locations

where the proteins can be embedded or exported from the cell. \

they can also be delivered to other organelles in the cell,

such as the mitochondria and the chloroplast.

Some proteins are produced with transit peptides.

These are specialized sequences on the end of the protein

With the help of additional specialized proteins,

the protein is delivered into the organelle.

Transport to the chloroplast involves a similar process.

Mitochondrias and chloroplasts are the sites for unique cellular processes.

an energy molecule that is used by many other cellular processes.

ATP is produced by a complex in the mitochondrial membrane

Protons flow from the area of high concentration

This gradient is produced by the action of the electron transport system.

This creates the gradient required for ATP production.

Finally, we see an organelle only found within plant cells.

is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.

electrons are passed from one carrier to another