Name: How do Chameleon Tongues work? (In Slow Motion) | Smarter Every Day 180
Uploaded: 2020-04-13T17:27:38.000Z
Duration: 9 min 38 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

Hey, it's me Destin, welcome back to Smarter Every Day. I've been wanting to do this video forever.

Adverbs of degree

Chameleons tongues are very unique, and this is a very hungry chameleon right now, and I'm going to see if I can feed him

The unique- that was- okay, the cool thing about chamele-- I'm feeding him again. We're doing it again.

biomechanical device that's a catapult and

We're going to analyze it in slow motion, and then I'm going to show you a little model

I built to explain this, but the chameleons tongue is a wonder of nature

it is beautiful, so I'm gonna feed Mojo a little bit more and, uh,

Let's look at some slow motion, then we'll talk about it

Okay, this is not a good model, but we're gonna try this anyway

This is a chameleon, right? Right. In the back of a chameleon's throat, there is this long

Longitudinal bone that is fired by something called the hyoid bone.

You have a hyoid- it's in the back of your throat just under your jaw- anyway, the chameleon will use that to launch that bone

Forward, right? On the outside of that, there is this musculature

That's the tongue muscle, and a sphincter is like a muscle around a hole, right? Well this tongue of the chameleon has a series of

sphincter muscles lined up, and it will fire them in rapid succession so that it'll squeeze that tongue muscle off of that bone

That's protruding forward, so you've got several steps that happen in order to accelerate that tongue forward. It's really neat

How it works, but it's really hard to visualize with pipes that you created in your eyes

But what does help you is when you have a really smart friend named Emily Graslie

And you can just randomly text her: "I was wondering if you guys have a chameleon skeleton?" To which she replies:

It's Emily Graslie from The Brain Scoop here at the Field Museum in Chicago

Chameleon that's been prepared in a really special way that allows you to see all of the bones in the specimen that are still intact

And it's a process that we call diaphonization or clearing and staining

This is what this process looks like. It looks as though the specimen is just a skeleton

But actually there's still tissue that is on all the bones. It's just been

processed with an enzyme that makes it clear and then the specimen sits in glycerin, which has the same refractive index as

The tissue in the animal so you don't get any sort of reflection

and then here you can see the hyoid bone and

Trachea of the windpipe, and then the hyoid bone

Which is three bones put together. You can even see some of that other blue cartilage down there, and then wrapped around it

That's actually the tongue. That's still in place

Everything became clear. You've got a two-bar mechanical linkage-

just like I learned about in engineering school- in the throat of the chameleon. You can see that U-shape bone in the back fold

Up and back as he sticks that bone in and out. It's amazing!

You've got those muscles on the outside of that linear bone

You can see the sphincters fire  to squirt that tongue off the end of it. It's amazing! Anyway-

Let's watch the high-speed together and see if you can identify each individual step in the process in order to attack this cricket

So they reveal exactly what's going on with a hyoid bone. It's operating exactly like a mechanical bar linkage.

All right, I hope you enjoyed this episode of "Smarter Every Day"

You know how the internet works-sometimes a sponsor will sponsor a video

Well this one was sponsored by KiwiCo. If you watched "Smarter Every Day" for any length of time,

I reached out to them. They sponsored when they were called Kiwi Crate,

But that's the name of one of their products, so now they changed their name to KiwiCo

Different boxes are focused on different ages in different stages of development. For example, they have a new box called a "cricket crate"

That's focused on 2+,  so my daughter's excited-  she gets to have one for herself now.

"I got these"  "What do you got?" "I got all of these!"

Are you- are you serious? You're going to make rockets?

If you want to do this go to KiwiCo.com/smarter

Get the first box for free, you just pay shipping. This is completely worth it

and it is great for a kid's mind. As a dad, I love this because it gives my kids hands-on developmental time

It's better than screen time. We enjoy it. My son, for example. He likes tinker crates

He learns about engineering. My daughter loves art

So we do the doodle crate for her. She even keeps the old boxes and goes back through them sometimes. This is a blast

You will love it. I highly recommend it. Go to KiwiCo.com/smarter

It's like giving the kid a gift every single month, and the gift is "learning."

Thanks to KiwiCo for sponsoring "Smarter Every Day" and give my family some quality time together. We really appreciate it.

A big thanks to Emily Graslie from The Brain Scoop. She's got a great YouTube channel, you should check it out.

She basically takes some part animals all the time. You should go look at that. It's called The Brain Scoop.

Also a big thanks to Drew who is Mojo's human. Drew takes care of Mojo and

"How many crickets will Mojo eat?" "He'll eat about 10 to 15 a day."

I hope this video earned your subscription.

I'm gonna put a link right here beside Mojo. If you feel like this video has earned it

I'm not gonna know if you click it or not

But Mojo is gonna be sitting there with a look of disapproval until you actually subscribe to "Smarter Every Day."

So I don't know, whatever you want to do, but Mojo's watching. Here we go.