Name: Your Mass is NOT From the Higgs Boson
Uploaded: 2020-03-28T18:13:47.000Z
Duration: 6 min 50 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

That is the mass of all of the electrons in your body if, like me, you weigh about 70

Now all of the mass comes from the Higgs mechanism, which means that as your electrons are traveling

through space time, they interact with the Higgs field and it is that that gives them

It slows them down and stops them from traveling at the speed of light.

But most of your mass doesn’t come from the Higgs mechanism.

And neither does all of this stuff that you see around you.

The mass is coming from somewhere quite different and that is because most of your mass and

most of this mass comes from neutrons and protons and they are not fundamental particles.

They are made of constituent particles called quarks.

Now the theory that describes quarks and their interactions with each other through gluons

So in some way these objects are meant to carry the color charge.

But they are much, much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, so there is no way that

they are actually colored, but it is a useful analogy that helps us think about how they

interact and the particles that they can make up.

In order for a particle to exist, it must be colorless or white, like this house.

Now you can accomplish that in two different ways.

You could make three quarks in where each one is a different color, red, green and blue,

so overall they combine to produce white.

Or you could use a quark and an anti quark where one is a color like green and the other

Now what I would like to do on this little patch of beach behind me is simulate how quarks

actually bind together and form different particles.

Now for this you need to remember that in the last video we talked about how empty space

So the beach here is has these undulations in it which represent the fluctuations in

But you have to imagine this beach sort of rippling and these bumps coming and going.

Now that is really important, because to get rid of those fluctuations actually takes energy.

And this is an important part of binding the quarks together.

The existence of quarks actually suppresses the gluon fluctuations and creates what is

called a flux tube, an area where there is really nothing in the vacuum and that is in

And that pairs them up and creates what is called a meson, the quark, anti quark pair.

What is interesting about that flux tube is that as these quarks become more separated,

the flux tube remains the same diameter and the same sort of depth of suppression of the

field, which means that the force doesn't actually increase.

The force is the same that is pulling these quarks back together.

But you are putting more work in as you move these quarks and anti quarks further apart.

And so for a time people thought: Well, these quarks are always going t be confined, however

You are just going to get a really long flux tube.

But what actually happens is you that you put in enough energy that you can actually

>> Nevertheless, the quarks are still combined.

You can never see an individual quark, because if you try to pull it out, you put so much

energy into the situation that another quark, anti quark pair will be created.

>> Now to form a proton, we are going to need an up quark, another up quark and a down quark.

Now the standard model of a proton that you have probably seen involves these quarks bounded

together by little gluon springs that go between them.

>> We know that that picture is totally wrong now.

Even in the best sense you might have hoped that you would see flux tubes around the edge

But we know that, in fact, they don’t do that.

>> The crazy thing about a proton is that there may be more than three quarks there.

You see, you can have additional quark, anti quark pairs pop in and out of existence.

So at any given time there could be five or seven or nine, any odd number of quarks could

So this is what a proton actually looks like.

You can see that the quarks like to sit on those lumps in the gluon field.

And you can see the two up quarks and a down quark, but there is also a strange quark and

an anti strange quark, which is strange, because you don’t normally think of these quarks

being inside a proton, but they can be at any particular point in time.

And you can also see that these quarks have cleared out the vacuum.

And you can see that there is kind of these flux tubes which are the areas where the gluon

And that is really what is binding these quarks together.

>> That is the strong force that binds quarks into the heart of the proton.

>> It is intrinsically related to the fact that clearing out those fluctuations has more

>> So where is the mass of the proton really coming from?

Well, of course, the constituent quarks do interact with the Higgs field and that gives

But if you add up the mass of all the quarks in the proton it would only account for about

So where is the rest of the mass coming from?

You know, Einstein’s famous equation: E equals mc squared.

Well, that says we have got a lot of energy for just a little bit of a mass.

But if you rearrange the equation you can see that we can get an amount of mass if there

And that is really where most of the mass of the proton is coming from.

It is from the fact that there are these energy fluctuations in the gluon field and the quarks

It is coming from the energy that is in there.

You know, Einstein talked about, well, if I had a hot cup of tea, it would actually

have a slightly greater mass than the same cup of tea when cold.

I mean, you can’t measure it with a cup of tea, but most of your mass you owe to E

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Your Mass is NOT From the Higgs Boson

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