don't have access to electricity in their homes.

And in sub-Saharan Africa,

more than half of the population remain in the dark.

So you probably all know this image from NASA.

There's a name for this darkness.

It's called "energy poverty,"

and it has massive implications for economic development

and social well-being.

One unique aspect of the energy poverty problem in sub-Saharan Africa --

and by the way, in this talk when I "energy," I mean "electricity" --

one thing that's unique about it is

there isn't much legacy infrastructure already in place

in many countries of the region.

So, for example, according to 2015 data,

the total installed electricity capacity in sub-Saharan Africa

is only about 100 gigawatts.

That's similar to that of the UK.

So this actually presents a unique opportunity

to build an energy system in the 21st century

almost from scratch.

The question is: How do you do that?

We could look back to the past and replicate the ways

in which we've managed to bring stable, affordable electricity

to a big part of the world's population.

But we all know that that has some well-known terrible side effects,

such as pollution and climate change,

in addition to being costly and inefficient.

With Africa's population set to quadruple by the end of the century,

this is not a theoretical question.

Africa needs a lot of energy, and it needs it fast,

because its population is booming and its economy needs to develop.

So for most countries, the general trajectory of electrification

has been as follows.

First, large-scale grid infrastructure is put in place,

usually with significant public investment.

That infrastructure then powers productive centers,

such as factories, agricultural mechanization,

commercial enterprises and the like.

And this then stimulates economic growth,

creating jobs, raising incomes

and producing a virtuous cycle

that helps more people afford more appliances,

which then creates residential demand for electricity.

But in sub-Saharan Africa, despite decades of energy projects,

we haven't really seen these benefits.

The energy projects have often been characterized by waste,

corruption and inefficiency;

our rural electrification rates are really low,

and our urban rates could be better;

the reliability of our electricity is terrible;

and we have some of the highest electricity prices in the whole world.

And on top of all of this,

we are now facing the impacts of the growing climate catastrophe head-on.

So Africa will need to find a different path.

And, as it turns out, we are now witnessing

some pretty exciting disruption in the African energy space.

This new path is called off-grid solar,

and it's enabled by cheap solar panels,

advances in LED and battery technology,

and combined with innovative business models.

So these off-grid solar products typically range from a single light

to home system kits that can charge phones,

power a television

or run a fan.

I want to be clear:

off-grid solar is a big deal in Africa.

I have worked in the sector for years,

and these products are enabling us to extend basic energy services

to some of the world's poorest,

raising their quality of life.

This is a very good and a very important thing.

However, off-grid solar will not solve energy poverty in Africa,

and for that matter,

neither will a top-down effort to connect every unserved household

to the grid.

See, I'm not here to rehash that played-out "on-versus-off-grid"

or "old-versus-new" debate.

Instead,

I believe that our inability to grapple with and truly address

energy poverty in Africa

stems from three main sources.

First, we don't really have a clear understanding

of what energy poverty is, or how deep it goes.

Second, we are avoiding complex systemic issues

and prefer quick fixes.

And third, we are misdirecting concerns about climate change.

Combined, these three mistakes are leading us to impose a Western debate

on the future of energy

and falling back on paternalistic attitudes towards Africa.

So let me try and unpack these three questions.

First, what exactly is energy poverty?

The main energy poverty targeted indicator

is enshrined in the UN's Seventh Sustainable Development Goal,

or SDG 7.

It calls for 100 percent of the world's population

to have access to electricity by the year 2030.

This binary threshold, however,

ignores the quality, reliability or utility of the power,

though indicators are currently being developed

that will try and capture these things.

However, the question of when a household is considered "connected"

is not quite clear-cut.

So, for example, last year the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi

declared all of the villages in India electrified,

the criteria for electrification being

a transformer in every village plus its public centers

and 10 percent -- 10 percent -- of its households connected.

Meanwhile,

the International Energy Agency, which tracks progress against SDG 7,

defines energy access as 50 kilowatt hours per person per year.

That's enough to power some light bulbs and charge a phone,

perhaps run a low-watt TV or fan for a few hours a day.

Now, providing entry-level access is an important first step,

but let's not romanticize the situation.

By any standard, a few lights and not much else

is still living in energy poverty.

And what's more,

these energy poverty indicators and targets

cover only residential use.

And yet, households account for just about one quarter

of the world's electricity consumption.

That's because most of our power is used in industries and for commerce.

Which brings me to my main point:

countries cannot grow out of poverty without access to abundant,

affordable and reliable electricity to power these productive centers,

or what I call "Energy for Growth."

As you can see from this graph,

there's simply no such thing as a low-energy, high-income country.

It doesn't exist.

And yet, three billion people in the world

currently live in countries without reliable, affordable electricity --

not just to power their homes but also their factories,

their office buildings, their data centers

and other economic activities.

Merely electrifying households and microenterprises

cannot solve this deeper energy poverty.

To solve energy poverty,

we need to deliver reliable, affordable electricity at scale,

to power economy-wide job creation and income growth.

This need, however, bumps against an emerging narrative that,

faced with climate change,

we all need to transition from large, centralized power systems

to small-scale distributed power.

The growth of off-grid solar in Africa --

and let me repeat, off-grid solar is a good thing --

but that growth fits nicely into this narrative

and has led to those claims that Africa is leapfrogging the old ways of energy

and building its power system from the ground up,

one solar panel at a time.

It's a nice, solicitous narrative, but also quite naïve.

Like many narratives of technological disruption,

often inspired by Silicon Valley,

it takes for granted the existing systems that underpin all of this transformation.

You see, when it comes to innovating and energy,

the West is working around the edges of a system that is tried and tested.

And so all the sexy stuff --

the rooftop solar,

the smart household devices, the electric vehicles --

all of this is built on top of a massive and absolutely essential grid,

which itself exists within a proven governance framework.

Even the most advanced countries in the world

don't have an example of an energy system that is all edges and no center at scale.

So ultimately, no approach --

be it centralized or distributed, renewable or fossil-based --

can succeed in solving energy poverty

without finding a way to deliver reliable, affordable electricity

to Africa's emerging industrial and commercial sectors.

So, it's not just lights in every rural home.

It's power for Africa's cities that are growing fast

and increasingly full of young, capable people

in desperate need of a job.

This in turn will require significant interconnectivity

and economies of scale,

making a robust and modern grid

a crucial piece of any energy poverty solution.

So, our second mistake is falling for the allure of the quick fix.

You see, energy poverty exists

within a complex socioeconomic and political context.

And part of the appeal of new electrification models

such as off-grid solar, for example,

is they can often bypass the glacial pace and inefficiency of government.

See, with small systems you can skip the bureaucracies and the utilities

and sell directly to customers.

But to confront energy poverty,

you cannot ignore governments, you cannot ignore institutions,

you cannot ignore the many players involved in making, moving

and using electricity at scale,

which is a way to say that when it comes to providing energy for growth,

it's not just about innovating the technology,

it's about the slow and hard work of improving governance, institutions

and the broader macroenvironment.

OK, so this is all good and nice, you say.

But what about climate change?

How do we ensure a high-energy future for everyone

while also curbing our emissions?

Well, we'll have to make some complex tradeoffs,

but I believe that a high-energy future for Africa

is not mutually exclusive to a low-carbon future.

And make no mistake:

the world cannot expect Africa to remain in energy poverty

because of climate change.

(Applause)

Actually, the facts show that the opposite is true.

Energy will be essential for Africa to adapt to climate change

and build resilience.

You see, rising temperatures will mean increased demand for space cooling

and cold storage.

Declining water tables will mean increased pumped irrigation.

And extreme weather and rising sea levels will require a significant expansion

and reinforcement of our infrastructure.

These are all energy-intensive activities.

So balancing climate change and Africa's pressing need

to transition to a high-energy future

will be tough.

But doing so is nonnegotiable; we will have to find a way.

The first step is broadening the terms of the debate

away from this either-or framing.

And we also must stop romanticizing solutions

that distract us from the core challenges.

And let's not also forget that Africa is endowed with vast natural resources,

including significant renewable potential.

For example, in Kenya, where I'm from,

geothermal power accounts for half of our electricity generation,

and with hydro being the other major source,

we are already mainly powered by renewable energy.

We also just brought online Africa's largest wind farm

and East Africa's biggest solar facility.

(Applause)

In addition,

new technology means that we can now run and design our power systems

and use energy more efficiently than ever,

doing more with less.

Energy efficiency will be an important tool

in the fight against climate change.

So in closing, I'd just like to say that Africa is a real place with real people,

navigating complex challenges and major transitions,

just like any other region of the world.

(Applause)

And while each country and each region

has its social, economic and political quirks,

the physics of electricity are the same everywhere.

(Laughter) (Applause)

And the energy needs of our economies

are just as intensive as those of any other economy.

So, the expansion of household electrification

through a mix of on- and off-grid solutions