and about the limits of that change.

I want to talk to you about how reading can give us a shareable world

of powerful human connection.

But also about how that connection is always partial.

How reading is ultimately a lonely, idiosyncratic undertaking.

The writer who changed my life

was the great African American novelist James Baldwin.

When I was growing up in Western Michigan in the 1980s,

there weren't many Asian American writers interested in social change.

And so I think I turned to James Baldwin

as a way to fill this void, as a way to feel racially conscious.

But perhaps because I knew I wasn't myself African American,

I also felt challenged and indicted by his words.

Especially these words:

"There are liberals who have all the proper attitudes,

but no real convictions.

When the chips are down and you somehow expect them to deliver,

they are somehow not there."

They are somehow not there.

I took those words very literally.

Where should I put myself?

I went to the Mississippi Delta,

one of the poorest regions in the United States.

This is a place shaped by a powerful history.

In the 1960s, African Americans risked their lives to fight for education,

to fight for the right to vote.

I wanted to be a part of that change,

to help young teenagers graduate and go to college.

When I got to the Mississippi Delta,

it was a place that was still poor,

still segregated,

still dramatically in need of change.

My school, where I was placed,

had no library, no guidance counselor,

but it did have a police officer.

Half the teachers were substitutes

and when students got into fights,

the school would send them to the local county jail.

This is the school where I met Patrick.

He was 15 and held back twice, he was in the eighth grade.

He was quiet, introspective,

like he was always in deep thought.

And he hated seeing other people fight.

I saw him once jump between two girls when they got into a fight

and he got himself knocked to the ground.

Patrick had just one problem.

He wouldn't come to school.

He said that sometimes school was just too depressing

because people were always fighting and teachers were quitting.

And also, his mother worked two jobs and was just too tired to make him come.

So I made it my job to get him to come to school.

And because I was crazy and 22 and zealously optimistic,

my strategy was just to show up at his house

and say, "Hey, why don't you come to school?"

And this strategy actually worked,

he started to come to school every day.

And he started to flourish in my class.

He was writing poetry, he was reading books.

He was coming to school every day.

Around the same time

that I had figured out how to connect to Patrick,

I got into law school at Harvard.

I once again faced this question, where should I put myself,

where do I put my body?

And I thought to myself

that the Mississippi Delta was a place where people with money,

people with opportunity,

those people leave.

And the people who stay behind

are the people who don't have the chance to leave.

I didn't want to be a person who left.

I wanted to be a person who stayed.

On the other hand, I was lonely and tired.

And so I convinced myself that I could do more change

on a larger scale if I had a prestigious law degree.

So I left.

Three years later,

when I was about to graduate from law school,

my friend called me

and told me that Patrick had got into a fight and killed someone.

I was devastated.

Part of me didn't believe it,

but part of me also knew that it was true.

I flew down to see Patrick.

I visited him in jail.

And he told me that it was true.

That he had killed someone.

And he didn't want to talk more about it.

I asked him what had happened with school

and he said that he had dropped out the year after I left.

And then he wanted to tell me something else.

He looked down and he said that he had had a baby daughter

who was just born.

And he felt like he had let her down.

That was it, our conversation was rushed and awkward.

When I stepped outside the jail, a voice inside me said,

"Come back.

If you don't come back now, you'll never come back."

So I graduated from law school and I went back.

I went back to see Patrick,

I went back to see if I could help him with his legal case.

And this time, when I saw him a second time,

I thought I had this great idea, I said,

"Hey, Patrick, why don't you write a letter to your daughter,

so that you can keep her on your mind?"

And I handed him a pen and a piece of paper,

and he started to write.

But when I saw the paper that he handed back to me,

I was shocked.

I didn't recognize his handwriting,

he had made simple spelling mistakes.

And I thought to myself that as a teacher,

I knew that a student could dramatically improve

in a very quick amount of time,

but I never thought that a student could dramatically regress.

What even pained me more,

was seeing what he had written to his daughter.

He had written,

"I'm sorry for my mistakes, I'm sorry for not being there for you."

And this was all he felt he had to say to her.

And I asked myself how can I convince him that he has more to say,

parts of himself that he doesn't need to apologize for.

I wanted him to feel

that he had something worthwhile to share with his daughter.

For every day the next seven months,

I visited him and brought books.

My tote bag became a little library.

I brought James Baldwin,

I brought Walt Whitman, C.S. Lewis.

I brought guidebooks to trees, to birds,

and what would become his favorite book, the dictionary.

On some days,

we would sit for hours in silence, both of us reading.

And on other days,

we would read together, we would read poetry.

We started by reading haikus, hundreds of haikus,

a deceptively simple masterpiece.

And I would ask him, "Share with me your favorite haikus."

And some of them are quite funny.

So there's this by Issa:

"Don't worry, spiders, I keep house casually."

And this: "Napped half the day, no one punished me!"

And this gorgeous one, which is about the first day of snow falling,

"Deer licking first frost from each other's coats."

There's something mysterious and gorgeous

just about the way a poem looks.

The empty space is as important as the words themselves.

We read this poem by W.S. Merwin,

which he wrote after he saw his wife working in the garden

and realized that they would spend the rest of their lives together.

"Let me imagine that we will come again

when we want to and it will be spring

We will be no older than we ever were

The worn griefs will have eased like the early cloud

through which morning slowly comes to itself"

I asked Patrick what his favorite line was, and he said,

"We will be no older than we ever were."

He said it reminded him of a place where time just stops,

where time doesn't matter anymore.

And I asked him if he had a place like that,

where time lasts forever.

And he said, "My mother."

When you read a poem alongside someone else,

the poem changes in meaning.

Because it becomes personal to that person, becomes personal to you.

We then read books, we read so many books,

we read the memoir of Frederick Douglass,

an American slave who taught himself to read and write

and who escaped to freedom because of his literacy.

I had grown up thinking of Frederick Douglass as a hero

and I thought of this story as one of uplift and hope.

But this book put Patrick in a kind of panic.

He fixated on a story Douglass told of how, over Christmas,

masters give slaves gin

as a way to prove to them that they can't handle freedom.

Because slaves would be stumbling on the fields.

Patrick said he related to this.

He said that there are people in jail who, like slaves,

don't want to think about their condition,

because it's too painful.

Too painful to think about the past,

too painful to think about how far we have to go.

His favorite line was this line:

"Anything, no matter what, to get rid of thinking!

It was this everlasting thinking of my condition that tormented me."

Patrick said that Douglass was brave to write, to keep thinking.

But Patrick would never know how much he seemed like Douglass to me.

How he kept reading, even though it put him in a panic.

He finished the book before I did,

reading it in a concrete stairway with no light.

And then we went on to read one of my favorite books,

Marilynne Robinson's "Gilead,"

which is an extended letter from a father to his son.

He loved this line:

"I'm writing this in part to tell you

that if you ever wonder what you've done in your life ...

you have been God's grace to me,

a miracle, something more than a miracle."

Something about this language, its love, its longing, its voice,

rekindled Patrick's desire to write.

And he would fill notebooks upon notebooks

with letters to his daughter.

In these beautiful, intricate letters,

he would imagine him and his daughter going canoeing down the Mississippi river.

He would imagine them finding a mountain stream

with perfectly clear water.

As I watched Patrick write,

I thought to myself,

and I now ask all of you,

how many of you have written a letter to somebody you feel you have let down?

It is just much easier to put those people out of your mind.

But Patrick showed up every day, facing his daughter,

holding himself accountable to her,

word by word with intense concentration.

I wanted in my own life

to put myself at risk in that way.

Because that risk reveals the strength of one's heart.

Let me take a step back and just ask an uncomfortable question.

Who am I to tell this story, as in this Patrick story?

Patrick's the one who lived with this pain

and I have never been hungry a day in my life.

I thought about this question a lot,

but what I want to say is that this story is not just about Patrick.

It's about us,

it's about the inequality between us.

The world of plenty

that Patrick and his parents and his grandparents

have been shut out of.

In this story, I represent that world of plenty.

And in telling this story, I didn't want to hide myself.

Hide the power that I do have.

In telling this story, I wanted to expose that power

and then to ask,

how do we diminish the distance between us?

Reading is one way to close that distance.

It gives us a quiet universe that we can share together,

that we can share in equally.

You're probably wondering now what happened to Patrick.

Did reading save his life?

It did and it didn't.

When Patrick got out of prison,

his journey was excruciating.

Employers turned him away because of his record,

his best friend, his mother, died at age 43

from heart disease and diabetes.

He's been homeless, he's been hungry.

So people say a lot of things about reading that feel exaggerated to me.