Well, I would like to start with testicles.

(Laughter)

Men who sleep five hours a night

have significantly smaller testicles than those who sleep seven hours or more.

(Laughter)

In addition, men who routinely sleep just four to five hours a night

will have a level of testosterone

which is that of someone 10 years their senior.

So a lack of sleep will age a man by a decade

in terms of that critical aspect of wellness.

And we see equivalent impairments in female reproductive health

caused by a lack of sleep.

This is the best news that I have for you today.

(Laughter)

From this point, it may only get worse.

Not only will I tell you about the wonderfully good things

that happen when you get sleep,

but the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough,

both for your brain and for your body.

Let me start with the brain

and the functions of learning and memory,

because what we've discovered over the past 10 or so years

is that you need sleep after learning

to essentially hit the save button on those new memories

so that you don't forget.

But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep before learning

to actually prepare your brain,

almost like a dry sponge

ready to initially soak up new information.

And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain

essentially become waterlogged, as it were,

and you can't absorb new memories.

So let me show you the data.

Here in this study, we decided to test the hypothesis

that pulling the all-nighter was a good idea.

So we took a group of individuals

and we assigned them to one of two experimental groups:

a sleep group and a sleep deprivation group.

Now the sleep group, they're going to get a full eight hours of slumber,

but the deprivation group, we're going to keep them awake

in the laboratory, under full supervision.

There's no naps or caffeine, by the way, so it's miserable for everyone involved.

And then the next day,

we're going to place those participants inside an MRI scanner

and we're going to have them try and learn a whole list of new facts

as we're taking snapshots of brain activity.

And then we're going to test them

to see how effective that learning has been.

And that's what you're looking at here on the vertical axis.

And when you put those two groups head to head,

what you find is a quite significant, 40-percent deficit

in the ability of the brain to make new memories without sleep.

I think this should be concerning,

considering what we know is happening to sleep

in our education populations right now.

In fact, to put that in context,

it would be the difference in a child acing an exam

versus failing it miserably -- 40 percent.

And we've gone on to discover what goes wrong within your brain

to produce these types of learning disabilities.

And there's a structure that sits

on the left and the right side of your brain, called the hippocampus.

And you can think of the hippocampus

almost like the informational inbox of your brain.

It's very good at receiving new memory files

and then holding on to them.

And when you look at this structure

in those people who'd had a full night of sleep,

we saw lots of healthy learning-related activity.

Yet in those people who were sleep-deprived,

we actually couldn't find any significant signal whatsoever.

So it's almost as though sleep deprivation had shut down your memory inbox,

and any new incoming files -- they were just being bounced.

You couldn't effectively commit new experiences to memory.

So that's the bad that can happen if I were to take sleep away from you,

but let me just come back to that control group for a second.

Do you remember those folks that got a full eight hours of sleep?

Well, we can ask a very different question:

What is it about the physiological quality of your sleep

when you do get it

that restores and enhances your memory and learning ability

each and every day?

And by placing electrodes all over the head,

what we've discovered is that there are big, powerful brainwaves

that happen during the very deepest stages of sleep

that have riding on top of them

these spectacular bursts of electrical activity

that we call sleep spindles.

And it's the combined quality of these deep-sleep brainwaves

that acts like a file-transfer mechanism at night,

shifting memories from a short-term vulnerable reservoir

to a more permanent long-term storage site within the brain,

and therefore protecting them, making them safe.

And it is important that we understand

what during sleep actually transacts these memory benefits,

because there are real medical and societal implications.

And let me just tell you about one area

that we've moved this work out into, clinically,

which is the context of aging and dementia.

Because it's of course no secret that, as we get older,

our learning and memory abilities begin to fade and decline.

But what we've also discovered

is that a physiological signature of aging is that your sleep gets worse,

especially that deep quality of sleep that I was just discussing.

And only last year, we finally published evidence

that these two things, they're not simply co-occurring,

they are significantly interrelated.

And it suggests that the disruption of deep sleep

is an underappreciated factor

that is contributing to cognitive decline or memory decline

in aging, and most recently we've discovered,

in Alzheimer's disease as well.

Now, I know this is remarkably depressing news.

It's in the mail. It's coming at you.

But there's a potential silver lining here.

Unlike many of the other factors that we know are associated with aging,

for example changes in the physical structure of the brain,

that's fiendishly difficult to treat.

But that sleep is a missing piece in the explanatory puzzle

of aging and Alzheimer's is exciting

because we may be able to do something about it.

And one way that we are approaching this at my sleep center

is not by using sleeping pills, by the way.

Unfortunately, they are blunt instruments that do not produce naturalistic sleep.

Instead, we're actually developing a method based on this.

It's called direct current brain stimulation.

You insert a small amount of voltage into the brain,

so small you typically don't feel it,

but it has a measurable impact.

Now if you apply this stimulation during sleep in young, healthy adults,

as if you're sort of singing in time with those deep-sleep brainwaves,

not only can you amplify the size of those deep-sleep brainwaves,

but in doing so, we can almost double the amount of memory benefit

that you get from sleep.

The question now is whether we can translate

this same affordable, potentially portable piece of technology

into older adults and those with dementia.

Can we restore back some healthy quality of deep sleep,

and in doing so, can we salvage aspects of their learning

and memory function?

That is my real hope now.

That's one of our moon-shot goals, as it were.

So that's an example of sleep for your brain,

but sleep is just as essential for your body.

We've already spoken about sleep loss and your reproductive system.

Or I could tell you about sleep loss and your cardiovascular system,

and that all it takes is one hour.

Because there is a global experiment performed on 1.6 billion people

across 70 countries twice a year,

and it's called daylight saving time.

Now, in the spring, when we lose one hour of sleep,

we see a subsequent 24-percent increase in heart attacks that following day.

In the autumn, when we gain an hour of sleep,

we see a 21-percent reduction in heart attacks.

Isn't that incredible?

And you see exactly the same profile for car crashes, road traffic accidents,

even suicide rates.

But as a deeper dive, I want to focus on this:

sleep loss and your immune system.

And here, I'll introduce these delightful blue elements in the image.

They are called natural killer cells,

and you can think of natural killer cells almost like the secret service agents

of your immune system.

They are very good at identifying dangerous, unwanted elements

and eliminating them.

In fact, what they're doing here is destroying a cancerous tumor mass.

So what you wish for is a virile set of these immune assassins

at all times,

and tragically, that's what you don't have if you're not sleeping enough.

So here in this experiment,

you're not going to have your sleep deprived for an entire night,

you're simply going to have your sleep restricted to four hours

for one single night,

and then we're going to look to see what's the percent reduction

in immune cell activity that you suffer.

And it's not small -- it's not 10 percent,

it's not 20 percent.

There was a 70-percent drop in natural killer cell activity.

That's a concerning state of immune deficiency,

and you can perhaps understand why we're now finding

significant links between short sleep duration

and your risk for the development of numerous forms of cancer.

Currently, that list includes cancer of the bowel,

cancer of the prostate and cancer of the breast.

In fact, the link between a lack of sleep and cancer is now so strong

that the World Health Organization

has classified any form of nighttime shift work

as a probable carcinogen,

because of a disruption of your sleep-wake rhythms.

So you may have heard of that old maxim

that you can sleep when you're dead.

Well, I'm being quite serious now --

it is mortally unwise advice.

We know this from epidemiological studies across millions of individuals.

There's a simple truth:

the shorter your sleep, the shorter your life.

Short sleep predicts all-cause mortality.

And if increasing your risk for the development of cancer

or even Alzheimer's disease

were not sufficiently disquieting,

we have since discovered that a lack of sleep will even erode

the very fabric of biological life itself,

your DNA genetic code.

So here in this study, they took a group of healthy adults

and they limited them to six hours of sleep a night

for one week,

and then they measured the change in their gene activity profile

relative to when those same individuals

were getting a full eight hours of sleep a night.

And there were two critical findings.

First, a sizable and significant 711 genes

were distorted in their activity,

caused by a lack of sleep.

The second result was that about half of those genes

were actually increased in their activity.

The other half were decreased.

Now those genes that were switched off by a lack of sleep

were genes associated with your immune system,

so once again, you can see that immune deficiency.

In contrast, those genes that were actually upregulated

or increased by way of a lack of sleep,

were genes associated with the promotion of tumors,

genes associated with long-term chronic inflammation within the body,

and genes associated with stress,

and, as a consequence, cardiovascular disease.

There is simply no aspect of your wellness

that can retreat at the sign of sleep deprivation

and get away unscathed.

It's rather like a broken water pipe in your home.

Sleep loss will leak down into every nook and cranny

of your physiology,

even tampering with the very DNA nucleic alphabet

that spells out your daily health narrative.

And at this point, you may be thinking,

"Oh my goodness, how do I start to get better sleep?

What are you tips for good sleep?"

Well, beyond avoiding the damaging and harmful impact

of alcohol and caffeine on sleep,

and if you're struggling with sleep at night,

avoiding naps during the day,

I have two pieces of advice for you.

The first is regularity.

Go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time,

no matter whether it's the weekday or the weekend.

Regularity is king,