from 200,000 years into the past, to the present.

And just to get a sense of the scale of this,

if we were to go 2,000 years ago

to the time of the Roman Empire,

that would be roughly here on the timeline.

If I were to say, when were the pyramids built?

That would be roughly there on the timeline.

So by human standards this is a very long period of time.

And I didn't choose this time span arbitrarily.

200,000 years is about how long we believe

anatomically modern humans have been on our planet,

our sub-species of Homo sapiens sapiens.

Now the reason why I show these stone tools

is because the ages, the periods, of modern humanity,

or even pre-modern humanity,

are named after the types of tools

that have been found in archaeological digs.

So most of even pre-human, or near pre-human,

and human history,

has been the Paleolithic period, or old stone age.

Paleo, paleo for old,

lithic coming from lithos for stone.

So Paleolithic.

The old stone age is the great bulk of human history.

And there's also a Mesolithic

that comes about 15,000, 20,000 years ago.

But then around 10,000 years ago,

the stones have a much more polished appearance to them.

Things like this.

And so that period from about 10,000 years,

starting with about 10,000, 15,000 years,

depending on what part of the world you look at,

is referred to as the Neolithic period.

Neolithic,

referring to new stone.

And on top of this timeline,

I have also shown what's happening

at a very large scale, climactically,

on the Earth.

So these blue periods are ice ages,

and these reddish orange periods

are the periods in between ice ages.

And so you can see the last ice age ended

roughly 15,000 years ago,

and it began roughly 110,000 years ago.

Now I'm giving you all this context

about these Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the ice ages,

because we're gonna talk about probably

the most important series of events,

or innovation, in all of human history.

And that is agriculture.

Agriculture.

For most of human history,

over this Paleolithic period,

over most of this timeline

going up until about 10,000 or 15,000 years ago,

our ancestors were hunter gatherers.

They would have to chase the game wherever it might be,

they couldn't settle down in one place.

Maybe there were a few that were near

some sources of fish where they might be able to do

some basic fishing.

But they would have done hunting like this.

They would have done gathering,

which means getting berries or mushrooms

where they could find it.

It probably was eating a lot of things like insects,

and that is most of human history.

But then around 10,000 or 15,000 years ago,

we have the advent of human beings

taking nature into their own hands.

Instead of saying, let's just follow the game

wherever the game might migrate to,

let's actually domesticate these animals.

Let's take some of them, start breeding them

so they're more suitable for human consumption,

so that they are easier to raise, maybe more robust,

and we will breed them,

and we will raise them for milk, for meat.

We also started to domesticate plants.

Instead of saying, okay let's just gather

those berries there where it happens to emerge,

oh let's actually start to plant things.

And on a very predictable way, be able to harvest them,

and so be able to have a more predictable food supply.

Both of these things allowed human beings

to have a higher population density,

to start to settle down, to have a more sedentary life.

And this is a huge, huge, huge deal.

Just to get a sense.

We believe that the carrying capacity

for the planet,

for human beings as hunter gatherers,

is 10 million people.

And that is what we estimate the world population was

around the time of the last ice age, or shortly afterwards.

And that's because a tribe of 100 hunter gatherers

is going to need 50 square kilometers

to 100 square kilometers

to hunt and gather from,

or actually 500, from some of the estimates I've seen.

And it might seem like a lot of area

that you would need to hunt and gather from,

but imagine that you and your family

had to go live in the woods now.

How much food could you actually find?

You'd have to walk miles and miles per day,

if you're trying to hunt,

you'd have to walk miles and miles per day

to get whatever wild grains or berries, or whatever,

or mushrooms, or whatever, or insects,

that you might consume.

But then with the advent of agriculture

it allowed for a much, much higher density population.

In fact, going from the birth of agriculture,

which happens in the Neolithic period,

the dawn of agriculture coincides with the Neolithic period,

they're often used somewhat interchangeably.

Going from that period 10,000, 15,000 years ago,

to the time of ancient Rome,

so we're on the order of 10,000 years,

the world population with agriculture exploded

from 10 million to roughly 250 million.

And that's 25x.

And we know that from the time of Rome 'til now,

another 2,000 years with agriculture,

our population has gone up 28x,

it's growing exponentially, to seven billion.

And there's no way that we could have had

this level of density

without agriculture.

Now a key question is,

is why did agriculture emerge right then?

Well one theory is is, well it seems to be only,

and I'll say only in quotes,

only a few thousand years after the end of the ice age.

Maybe you had positive climate change,

at least from a human point of view,

that allowed land to support agriculture.

That seems like a reasonable theory.

Although you might say, well we've had other periods

where we didn't have an ice age,

how come we see no evidence of agriculture then?

And one counterargument or explanation I've heard for that

is, anatomically modern humans

started to emerge around 200,000 years ago,

but that doesn't mean that the way they thought,

or that their brains were the same as modern humans.

And so maybe in this period the human brain

just wasn't capable of performing,

or thinking of agriculture.

Other theories are is that the human population

through hunter gathering kept increasing over time,

and it was right after the last ice age

that you really got close to this

critical mass of population,

at which point, for every extra human to be born,

another human would not be able to live,

or not be able to be born,

because there was a fixed supply of food

as hunter gatherers.

And so you could say out of necessity,

maybe a tribe here or a little group there,

started to say hey, well what if we started to

domesticate some of this cattle?

Or if we started to plant crops?

All of a sudden they would start to have a higher density

and their population could increase.

And not only would they be able to survive,

but they could also be very dominant

in things like conflict.

Once you start having agriculture,

and as agriculture advances,

as I mentioned, these people could be more sedentary.

They wouldn't have to move around.

They wouldn't have to move around all of the time.

That allows them to

create even defensive structures.

You could have specialization,

where not everyone is having to worry about,

specialization,

not everyone is having to worry about food all of the time.

And so you could develop warriors,

you could have technology developing, especially weapons,

and so not only would that tribe or that group

be able to get higher density,

but they would be able to defend their property.

In fact they would probably care a lot more

about property,

because they use it to farm,

versus hunter gatherers

might just view that as their territory

that they wander over

in order to find food.

Now whatever the actual cause of the birth of agriculture,

it has had profound implications on our society.

You would not have had the birth of city-states,

without agriculture.

City-states had high density populations.

They could not have been supported with hunter gathering.

You could not have had the development of technology,

which, people needed more time,

you needed specialization, in order to have that.

It's, I would say, fair to say,

we wouldn't even have our modern,

our modern civilization would not have been possible

without agriculture.

I would not be making this video to you right now.

In fact most of us wouldn't even have been

around on the planet

because the planet wouldn't have been able to support

our really immensely large population

without not only agriculture, but an ever advancing,

technologically advancing agriculture.

So it might seem like a small thing.

You go from hunter gatherer to agriculture,

but it's been one of the most, maybe the most profound,

well it's probably up there with language and writing,

things that have defined

what makes humans humans.

And to get a sense of where this agriculture was born,

here's the various regions that we believe

agriculture emerged from.

The Levant right over here in the eastern Mediterranean,

modern day Middle East,

Syria, Israel, Palestine, Iraq,

southeastern Turkey,

this is one of the areas where we think

agriculture first emerged

on the order of 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.

We believe rice came from China.

I've seen estimates anywhere from 6,000 to 13,000 years ago.

You have the potato and other crops

coming from the Andes thousands of years ago,

and this is just a sample of the areas

where we see agriculture,

both domestication of crops and animals first emerging.

And what's interesting is,

over time we're likely to discover other places

as we have more archaeological digs

and we find more fossil evidence of

ancient agriculture and ancient peoples.

And even the time frame where we believe this happened,

the 10,000, 12,000, 15,000 years ago,

that's likely to maybe move back a little bit

as we discover older and older evidence.

So I'll leave you there,

but the big takeaway is

most of human history

we were not only making rough stones

for our weapons and our tools,