I understood the true meaning of this phrase exactly one month ago,

when my wife and I became new parents.

It was an amazing moment.

It was exhilarating and elating,

but it was also scary and terrifying.

And it got particularly terrifying when we got home from the hospital,

and we were unsure

whether our little baby boy was getting enough nutrients from breastfeeding.

And we wanted to call our pediatrician,

but we also didn't want to make a bad first impression

or come across as a crazy, neurotic parent.

So we worried.

And we waited.

When we got to the doctor's office the next day,

she immediately gave him formula because he was pretty dehydrated.

Our son is fine now,

and our doctor has reassured us we can always contact her.

But in that moment,

I should've spoken up, but I didn't.

But sometimes we speak up when we shouldn't,

and I learned that over 10 years ago when I let my twin brother down.

My twin brother is a documentary filmmaker,

and for one of his first films,

he got an offer from a distribution company.

He was excited,

and he was inclined to accept the offer.

But as a negotiations researcher,

I insisted he make a counteroffer,

and I helped him craft the perfect one.

And it was perfect --

it was perfectly insulting.

The company was so offended,

they literally withdrew the offer

and my brother was left with nothing.

And I've asked people all over the world about this dilemma of speaking up:

when they can assert themselves,

when they can push their interests,

when they can express an opinion,

when they can make an ambitious ask.

And the range of stories are varied and diverse,

but they also make up a universal tapestry.

Can I correct my boss when they make a mistake?

Can I confront my coworker who keeps stepping on my toes?

Can I challenge my friend's insensitive joke?

Can I tell the person I love the most my deepest insecurities?

And through these experiences, I've come to recognize

that each of us have something called a range of acceptable behavior.

Now, sometimes we're too strong; we push ourselves too much.

That's what happened with my brother.

Even making an offer was outside his range of acceptable behavior.

But sometimes we're too weak.

That's what happened with my wife and I.

And this range of acceptable behaviors --

when we stay within our range, we're rewarded.

When we step outside that range, we get punished in a variety of ways.

We get dismissed or demeaned or even ostracized.

Or we lose that raise or that promotion or that deal.

Now, the first thing we need to know is:

What is my range?

But the key thing is, our range isn't fixed;

it's actually pretty dynamic.

It expands and it narrows based on the context.

And there's one thing that determines that range more than anything else,

and that's your power.

Your power determines your range.

What is power?

Power comes in lots of forms.

In negotiations, it comes in the form of alternatives.

So my brother had no alternatives;

he lacked power.

The company had lots of alternatives;

they had power.

Sometimes it's being new to a country, like an immigrant,

or new to an organization

or new to an experience,

like my wife and I as new parents.

Sometimes it's at work,

where someone's the boss and someone's the subordinate.

Sometimes it's in relationships,

where one person's more invested than the other person.

And the key thing is that when we have lots of power,

our range is very wide.

We have a lot of leeway in how to behave.

But when we lack power, our range narrows.

We have very little leeway.

The problem is that when our range narrows,

that produces something called the low-power double bind.

The low-power double bind happens

when, if we don't speak up, we go unnoticed,

but if we do speak up, we get punished.

Now, many of you have heard the phrase the "double bind"

and connected it with one thing, and that's gender.

The gender double bind is women who don't speak up go unnoticed,

and women who do speak up get punished.

And the key thing is that women have the same need as men to speak up,

but they have barriers to doing so.

But what my research has shown over the last two decades

is that what looks like a gender difference

is not really a gender double bind,

it's a really a low-power double bind.

And what looks like a gender difference

are really often just power differences in disguise.

Oftentimes we see a difference between a man and a woman

or men and women,

and think, "Biological cause. There's something fundamentally different

about the sexes."

But in study after study,

I've found that a better explanation for many sex differences

is really power.

And so it's the low-power double bind.

And the low-power double bind means that we have a narrow range,

and we lack power.

We have a narrow range,

and our double bind is very large.

So we need to find ways to expand our range.

And over the last couple decades,

my colleagues and I have found two things really matter.

The first: you seem powerful in your own eyes.

The second: you seem powerful in the eyes of others.

When I feel powerful,

I feel confident, not fearful;

I expand my own range.

When other people see me as powerful,

they grant me a wider range.

So we need tools to expand our range of acceptable behavior.

And I'm going to give you a set of tools today.

Speaking up is risky,

but these tools will lower your risk of speaking up.

The first tool I'm going to give you got discovered in negotiations

in an important finding.

On average, women make less ambitious offers

and get worse outcomes than men at the bargaining table.

But Hannah Riley Bowles and Emily Amanatullah have discovered

there's one situation where women get the same outcomes as men

and are just as ambitious.

That's when they advocate for others.

When they advocate for others,

they discover their own range and expand it in their own mind.

They become more assertive.

This is sometimes called "the mama bear effect."

Like a mama bear defending her cubs,

when we advocate for others, we can discover our own voice.

But sometimes, we have to advocate for ourselves.

How do we do that?

One of the most important tools we have to advocate for ourselves

is something called perspective-taking.

And perspective-taking is really simple:

it's simply looking at the world through the eyes of another person.

It's one of the most important tools we have to expand our range.

When I take your perspective,

and I think about what you really want,

you're more likely to give me what I really want.

But here's the problem:

perspective-taking is hard to do.

So let's do a little experiment.

I want you all to hold your hand just like this:

your finger -- put it up.

And I want you to draw a capital letter E on your forehead

as quickly as possible.

OK, it turns out that we can draw this E in one of two ways,

and this was originally designed as a test of perspective-taking.

I'm going to show you two pictures

of someone with an E on their forehead --

my former student, Erika Hall.

And you can see over here,

that's the correct E.

I drew the E so it looks like an E to another person.

That's the perspective-taking E

because it looks like an E from someone else's vantage point.

But this E over here is the self-focused E.

We often get self-focused.

And we particularly get self-focused in a crisis.

I want to tell you about a particular crisis.

A man walks into a bank in Watsonville, California.

And he says, "Give me $2,000,

or I'm blowing the whole bank up with a bomb."

Now, the bank manager didn't give him the money.

She took a step back.

She took his perspective,

and she noticed something really important.

He asked for a specific amount of money.

So she said,

"Why did you ask for $2,000?"

And he said, "My friend is going to be evicted

unless I get him $2,000 immediately."

And she said, "Oh! You don't want to rob the bank --

you want to take out a loan."

(Laughter)

"Why don't you come back to my office,

and we can have you fill out the paperwork."

(Laughter)

Now, her quick perspective-taking defused a volatile situation.

So when we take someone's perspective,

it allows us to be ambitious and assertive, but still be likable.

Here's another way to be assertive but still be likable,

and that is to signal flexibility.

Now, imagine you're a car salesperson, and you want to sell someone a car.

You're going to more likely make the sale if you give them two options.

Let's say option A:

$24,000 for this car and a five-year warranty.

Or option B:

$23,000 and a three-year warranty.

My research shows that when you give people a choice among options,

it lowers their defenses,

and they're more likely to accept your offer.

And this doesn't just work with salespeople;

it works with parents.

When my niece was four,

she resisted getting dressed and rejected everything.

But then my sister-in-law had a brilliant idea.

What if I gave my daughter a choice?

This shirt or that shirt? OK, that shirt.

This pant or that pant? OK, that pant.

And it worked brilliantly.

She got dressed quickly and without resistance.

When I've asked the question around the world

when people feel comfortable speaking up,

the number one answer is:

"When I have social support in my audience; when I have allies."

So we want to get allies on our side.

How do we do that?

Well, one of the ways is be a mama bear.

When we advocate for others,

we expand our range in our own eyes and the eyes of others,

but we also earn strong allies.

Another way we can earn strong allies, especially in high places,

is by asking other people for advice.

When we ask others for advice, they like us because we flatter them,

and we're expressing humility.

And this really works to solve another double bind.

And that's the self-promotion double bind.

The self-promotion double bind

is that if we don't advertise our accomplishments,

no one notices.

And if we do, we're not likable.

But if we ask for advice about one of our accomplishments,

we are able to be competent in their eyes but also be likeable.

And this is so powerful

it even works when you see it coming.

There have been multiple times in life when I have been forewarned

that a low-power person has been given the advice to come ask me for advice.

I want you to notice three things about this:

First, I knew they were going to come ask me for advice.

Two, I've actually done research on the strategic benefits

of asking for advice.

And three, it still worked!

I took their perspective,

I became more invested in their cause,