a journalist was asking him a question about the news feed.

And the journalist was asking him,

"Why is this so important?"

And Zuckerberg said,

"A squirrel dying in your front yard

may be more relevant to your interests right now

than people dying in Africa."

And I want to talk about

what a Web based on that idea of relevance might look like.

So when I was growing up

in a really rural area in Maine,

the Internet meant something very different to me.

It meant a connection to the world.

It meant something that would connect us all together.

And I was sure that it was going to be great for democracy

and for our society.

But there's this shift

in how information is flowing online,

and it's invisible.

And if we don't pay attention to it,

it could be a real problem.

So I first noticed this in a place I spend a lot of time --

my Facebook page.

I'm progressive, politically -- big surprise --

but I've always gone out of my way to meet conservatives.

I like hearing what they're thinking about;

I like seeing what they link to;

I like learning a thing or two.

And so I was surprised when I noticed one day

that the conservatives had disappeared from my Facebook feed.

And what it turned out was going on

was that Facebook was looking at which links I clicked on,

and it was noticing that, actually,

I was clicking more on my liberal friends' links

than on my conservative friends' links.

And without consulting me about it,

it had edited them out.

They disappeared.

So Facebook isn't the only place

that's doing this kind of invisible, algorithmic

editing of the Web.

Google's doing it too.

If I search for something, and you search for something,

even right now at the very same time,

we may get very different search results.

Even if you're logged out, one engineer told me,

there are 57 signals

that Google looks at --

everything from what kind of computer you're on

to what kind of browser you're using

to where you're located --

that it uses to personally tailor your query results.

Think about it for a second:

there is no standard Google anymore.

And you know, the funny thing about this is that it's hard to see.

You can't see how different your search results are

from anyone else's.

But a couple of weeks ago,

I asked a bunch of friends to Google "Egypt"

and to send me screen shots of what they got.

So here's my friend Scott's screen shot.

And here's my friend Daniel's screen shot.

When you put them side-by-side,

you don't even have to read the links

to see how different these two pages are.

But when you do read the links,

it's really quite remarkable.

Daniel didn't get anything about the protests in Egypt at all

in his first page of Google results.

Scott's results were full of them.

And this was the big story of the day at that time.

That's how different these results are becoming.

So it's not just Google and Facebook either.

This is something that's sweeping the Web.

There are a whole host of companies that are doing this kind of personalization.

Yahoo News, the biggest news site on the Internet,

is now personalized -- different people get different things.

Huffington Post, the Washington Post, the New York Times --

all flirting with personalization in various ways.

And this moves us very quickly

toward a world in which

the Internet is showing us what it thinks we want to see,

but not necessarily what we need to see.

As Eric Schmidt said,

"It will be very hard for people to watch or consume something

that has not in some sense

been tailored for them."

So I do think this is a problem.

And I think, if you take all of these filters together,

you take all these algorithms,

you get what I call a filter bubble.

And your filter bubble is your own personal,

unique universe of information

that you live in online.

And what's in your filter bubble

depends on who you are, and it depends on what you do.

But the thing is that you don't decide what gets in.

And more importantly,

you don't actually see what gets edited out.

So one of the problems with the filter bubble

was discovered by some researchers at Netflix.

And they were looking at the Netflix queues, and they noticed something kind of funny

that a lot of us probably have noticed,

which is there are some movies

that just sort of zip right up and out to our houses.

They enter the queue, they just zip right out.

So "Iron Man" zips right out,

and "Waiting for Superman"

can wait for a really long time.

What they discovered

was that in our Netflix queues

there's this epic struggle going on

between our future aspirational selves

and our more impulsive present selves.

You know we all want to be someone

who has watched "Rashomon,"

but right now

we want to watch "Ace Ventura" for the fourth time.

(Laughter)

So the best editing gives us a bit of both.

It gives us a little bit of Justin Bieber

and a little bit of Afghanistan.

It gives us some information vegetables;

it gives us some information dessert.

And the challenge with these kinds of algorithmic filters,

these personalized filters,

is that, because they're mainly looking

at what you click on first,

it can throw off that balance.

And instead of a balanced information diet,

you can end up surrounded

by information junk food.

What this suggests

is actually that we may have the story about the Internet wrong.

In a broadcast society --

this is how the founding mythology goes --

in a broadcast society,

there were these gatekeepers, the editors,

and they controlled the flows of information.

And along came the Internet and it swept them out of the way,

and it allowed all of us to connect together,

and it was awesome.

But that's not actually what's happening right now.

What we're seeing is more of a passing of the torch

from human gatekeepers

to algorithmic ones.

And the thing is that the algorithms

don't yet have the kind of embedded ethics

that the editors did.

So if algorithms are going to curate the world for us,

if they're going to decide what we get to see and what we don't get to see,

then we need to make sure

that they're not just keyed to relevance.

We need to make sure that they also show us things

that are uncomfortable or challenging or important --

this is what TED does --

other points of view.

And the thing is, we've actually been here before

as a society.

In 1915, it's not like newspapers were sweating a lot

about their civic responsibilities.

Then people noticed

that they were doing something really important.

That, in fact, you couldn't have

a functioning democracy

if citizens didn't get a good flow of information,

that the newspapers were critical because they were acting as the filter,

and then journalistic ethics developed.

It wasn't perfect,

but it got us through the last century.

And so now,

we're kind of back in 1915 on the Web.

And we need the new gatekeepers

to encode that kind of responsibility

into the code that they're writing.

I know that there are a lot of people here from Facebook and from Google --

Larry and Sergey --

people who have helped build the Web as it is,

and I'm grateful for that.

But we really need you to make sure

that these algorithms have encoded in them

a sense of the public life, a sense of civic responsibility.

We need you to make sure that they're transparent enough

that we can see what the rules are

that determine what gets through our filters.

And we need you to give us some control

so that we can decide

what gets through and what doesn't.

Because I think

we really need the Internet to be that thing

that we all dreamed of it being.

We need it to connect us all together.

We need it to introduce us to new ideas

and new people and different perspectives.

And it's not going to do that

if it leaves us all isolated in a Web of one.

Thank you.

(Applause)