My name is Carl Azuz.

Taking off our 10 minutes of current events coverage,

Volkswagen is a big brand facing a big problem.

It owns VW, Audi and Porsche,

and just past Toyota as the world's biggest carmaker.

Its chief executive officer has apologized

and resigned amid a growing scandal.

It has to do with emissions.

The U.S. government has limits on the kinds

and the amounts of pollutants that cars may give off.

That's why most cars in the U.S. have to get annual emissions test.

Instead of using technology to meet U.S. standards,

regulators say Volkswagen use technology to cheat on the tests

and the problem goes well beyond U.S. shores.

The EPA recently announced that

Volkswagen cheated on emissions tests,

allowing almost half a million baldy polluting diesel cars

onto America's roads,

and there are millions more of them around the world.

It's a scandal that's rocked the German automaker,

sending its stock plummeting,

and angering some of VW's most loyal customers.

Lawsuits have been filed, apologies have been issued.

But how exactly did one of the world's top-selling automakers

get away with cheating on such a gigantic scale?

And can it ever undo the damage?

About 480,000 diesel-powered VW cars don't meet federal emissions.

In fact, they don't even come close.

They release 10 to 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide,

dangerous pollutants linked to asthma and other health problems.

But for years, no one knew.

That's where the cheating comes in.

Volkswagen installed software in diesel cars

that detects when the vehicle is undergoing emissions test.

When the software recognizes that inspection is underway,

it automatically switches modes,

reducing emissions below the legal limit.

As soon as testing is over, though,

it's back to dirty driving.

When it comes to emissions,

diesel engines are a challenge.

They're fuel efficient but they tend to burn dirty.

Automakers have spent millions on research

to figure out how to maintain that efficiency,

but cleanup diesel emissions,

so their cars can get good fuel economy

without releasing nasty pollutants.

Apparently, VW couldn't find a way to do that,

nor did it want to.

Either way, somewhere inside VW, someone decided to cheat.

The questions now are,

how high up the corporate leader did this decision go?

And how much in fines,

recall costs and damage reputation is it going to cost VW?

Any idea what the world's best known English language song is?

Before you guess, here's a hint.

It's "Happy Birthday".

And because of a judge's ruling on Tuesday,

it's no longer protected by copyright.

You might have noticed how at some restaurants,

they don't actually sing the tune "Happy Birthday" to You,

because they don't want to get sued.

Here's why: two sisters wrote "Happy Birthday"

about 120 years ago.

They assigned the music rights to a music company.

In 1998, that company was bought by Warner-Chappell Music.

And since then, Warner-Chappell has made

about 2 million bucks a year on fees for the use of the song,

though it doesn't charge people singing it at home.

Anyway, a filmmaker that's making a documentary

about the song sued Warner-Chappell to avoid paying a $1,500 fine.

A judge ruled that Warner-Chappell owned

a limited piano arrangement,

not the actual lyrical song itself.

That means it's free from copyright

and free for anyone, anywhere to sing it,

like a gift that keeps giving.

There's only one place we look for "Roll Call" requests.

It's each day's transcript page at CNNStudentNews.com.

Fivay High School commented on yesterday's transcript.

It's in Hudson, Florida, the home of the Falcons.

We also heard from the Bulldogs in Corrigan, Texas.

Good to see you at Corrigan-Camden High School.

And in Tirana, the capital of Albania,

shout out to all of our viewers at Tirana International School.

One billion euros to help Syrians in refugee camps,

security forces to keep the peace

where there are large numbers of migrants and instability,

figuring out where to resettle

the thousands of people coming to Europe.

These are the challenges the European Union

is struggling with right now.

Amid all the disagreement between nations

over how to handle the continent's massive

refugee and migrant crisis,

what's certain is that more people are on the way to Europe.

Ben Wedeman takes us to Hungary

where many migrants are passing through.

The fences are going up in what was not long ago

a borderless Euro

fast becoming fortress Europe.

On the Hungary Croatian border,

Hungarian combat troops with assault rifles

watch as refugees and migrants file across the border.

For Khalid, an architecture student from Baghdad University,

twice kidnapped, Europe is everything Iraq isn't.

Why did he leave his homeland? why? He responds,

"here, there's no suffering. It's safe.

You have rights and everything is provided for."

"In Iraq, we don't just have terrorism,"

says Mohamed from Baghdad, who hopes to go to Finland.

"The economy is bad.

Young people have no opportunities and no jobs.

You don't know if you have a future in Iraq."

At the border, everyone, including little children,

is frisked, bags searched.

They will most likely be put on a train

and sent straight to the Austrian border.

Hungary is allowing them to transit the country,

but isn't welcoming them to stay.

Hungary continues to take a hard line in this crisis,

granting, for example, the army the right

to use nonlethal force against refugees and migrants if necessary.

Nonetheless, the gates to Hungary remain open

and the migrants and refugees continue to pass through.

Time for the Shoutout.

What occurs when the sun crosses the equator,

making day and night equal length the world over?

If you think you know it, shout it out.

Is it an: (a) Eclipse, (b) Solstice, (c) Spectra, or (d), Equinox?

You got three seconds. Go!

Day and night are of equal length on an equinox,

and yesterday was the autumnal equinox.

That's your answer and that's your shoutout.

That means as of yesterday,

it is officially fall in the Northern Hemisphere.

The season runs until the winter solstice,

the shortest day of the year,

which will be on December 22nd,

marking the official beginning of winter.

In the meantime, the farther north you live from the equator,

the more you can expect cooler temperatures,

shorter days and a vibrant change in foliage.

I want you to think about leaves on a tree

as essentially mini solar panels.

What they're able to do is fascinating.

They are taking the sunlight in,

and through a process known as photosynthesis,

they were able to transfer the sun's energy

and create a chemical known as chlorophyll.

Now, chlorophyll is key

because it gives the leaves its green colors during a long summer months

But beneath the surface,

the leaves actually always have the reds,

the oranges, the yellows in place.

While chlorophyll is there,

it's there and it's green.

While it's taken away in the shorter days

and shorter months of autumn,

now you're releasing some of the true colors back to the surface.

Of course, weather can play a role in this as well,

especially in the vibrancy of it.

When you have plenty of rainfall in the growing season or

in the spring season,

we're able to get plenty of good colors

in early September, October and November.

If you have extreme heat, extreme drought in place,

maybe a freeze, early snow storm, or the strong winds,

certainly that can do damage.

The leaves may not be there for you to see them in peak foliage.

So hopefully, you had a chance to get out there

this year and enjoy the fall colors.

It started out of boredom.

Two Iowa State University students and best friends

were trying to find a Guinness World Record they could beat.

They found that the longest hug

lasted 24 hours and 33 minutes, so they went for it.

They had to be hugging, standing and in a public place.

They couldn't sleep but they were allowed

short bathroom breaks every hour.

Their friends fed them pizza and soft drinks

and they hugged it out for a total of 31 hours.

No doubt they embrace that challenge.

It's the closest to friendships really,

two people working arm in arm, clinging together,

holding on until they clasp the record.

It's tough to say something hug-gainst them.

I'm Carl Azuz for CNN STUDENT NEWS.

Hope to see you tomorrow.