or, as most people would call it, a hacker,

found a way to literally

make ATMs throw money at him.

His name was Barnaby Jack,

and this technique was later called "jackpotting"

in his honor.

I'm here today because I think

we actually need hackers.

Barnaby Jack could have easily turned

into a career criminal or James Bond villain

with his knowledge,

but he chose to show the world

his research instead.

He believed that sometimes

you have to demo a threat

to spark a solution,

and I feel the same way.

That's why I'm here today.

We are often terrified and fascinated

by the power hackers now have.

They scare us,

but the choices they make

have dramatic outcomes

that influence us all.

So I am here today because I think we need hackers,

and in fact, they just might be

the immune system for the information age.

Sometimes they make us sick,

but they also find those hidden threats in our world,

and they make us fix it.

I knew that I might get hacked for giving this talk,

so let me save you the effort.

In true TED fashion,

here is my most embarrassing picture.

But it would be difficult for you to find me in it,

because I'm the one who looks like a boy

standing to the side.

I was such a nerd back then

that even the boys on the Dungeons and Dragons team

wouldn't let me join.

This is who I was,

but this is who I wanted to be:

Angelina Jolie.

She portrayed Acid Burn

in the '95 film "Hackers."

She was pretty and she could rollerblade,

but being a hacker, that made her powerful.

And I wanted to be just like her,

so I started spending a lot of time

on hacker chat rooms and online forums.

I remember one late night

I found a bit of PHP code.

I didn't really know what it did,

but I copy-pasted it

and used it anyway

to get into a password-protected site

Like that,

Open Sesame.

It was a simple trick,

and I was just a script kiddie back then,

but to me, that trick,

it felt like this,

like I had discovered limitless potential

at my fingertips.

This is the rush of power that hackers feel.

It's geeks just like me

discovering they have access to superpower,

one that requires the skill and tenacity

of their intellect,

but thankfully no radioactive spiders.

But with great power comes great responsibility,

and you all like to think that if we had such powers,

we would only use them for good.

But what if you could read your ex's emails,

or add a couple zeros to your bank account.

What would you do then?

Indeed, many hackers do not resist

those temptations,

and so they are responsible in one way or another

to billions of dollars lost each year

to fraud, malware or plain old identity theft,

which is a serious issue.

But there are other hackers,

hackers who just like to break things,

and it is precisely those hackers

that can find the weaker elements in our world

and make us fix it.

This is what happened last year

when another security researcher

called Kyle Lovett

discovered a gaping hole

in the design of certain wireless routers

like you might have in your home or office.

He learned that anyone could remotely connect

to these devices over the Internet

and download documents from hard drives

attached to those routers, no password needed.

He reported it to the company, of course,

but they ignored his report.

Perhaps they thought universal access was a feature, not a bug.

Until two months ago,

when a group of hackers used it

to get into people's files.

But they didn't steal anything.

They left a note:

Your router and your documents

can be accessed by anyone in the world.

Here's what you should do to fix it.

We hope we helped.

By getting into people's files like that,

yeah, they broke the law,

but they also forced that company

to fix their product.

Making vulnerabilities known to the public

is a practice called full disclosure

in the hacker community,

and it is controversial,

but it does make me think of how hackers

have an evolving effect on technologies we use

every day.

This is what Khalil did.

Khalil is a Palestinian hacker from the West Bank,

and he found a serious privacy flaw on Facebook

which he attempted to report

through the company's bug bounty program.

These are usually great arrangements for companies

to reward hackers disclosing vulnerabilities

they find in their code.

Unfortunately, due to some miscommunications,

his report was not acknowledged.

Frustrated with the exchange,

he took to use his own discovery

to post on Mark Zuckerberg's wall.

This got their attention, all right,

and they fixed the bug,

but because he hadn't reported it properly,

he was denied the bounty usually paid out

for such discoveries.

Thankfully for Khalil,

a group of hackers were watching out for him.

In fact, they raised more than 13,000 dollars

to reward him for this discovery,

raising a vital discussion in the technology industry

about how we come up with incentives

for hackers to do the right thing.

But I think there's a greater story here still.

Even companies founded by hackers,

like Facebook was,

still have a complicated relationship

when it comes to hackers.

And so for more conservative organizations,

it is going to take time and adapting

in order to embrace hacker culture

and the creative chaos that it brings with it.

But I think it's worth the effort,

because the alternative,

to blindly fight all hackers,

is to go against the power you cannot control

at the cost of stifling innovation

and regulating knowledge.

These are things that will come back and bite you.

It is even more true

if we go after hackers

that are willing to risk their own freedom

for ideals like the freedom of the web,

especially in times like this, like today even,

as governments and corporates

fight to control the Internet.

I find it astounding

that someone from the shadowy corners of cyberspace

can become its voice of opposition,

its last line of defense even,

perhaps someone like Anonymous,

the leading brand of global hacktivism.

This universal hacker movement

needs no introduction today,

but six years ago

they were not much more than an Internet subculture

dedicated to sharing silly pictures of funny cats

and Internet trolling campaigns.

Their moment of transformation was in early 2008

when the Church of Scientology

attempted to remove certain leaked videos

from appearing on certain websites.

This is when Anonymous was forged

out of the seemingly random collection

of Internet dwellers.

It turns out,

the Internet doesn't like it

when you try to remove things from it,

and it will react with cyberattacks

and elaborate pranks

and with a series of organized protests

all around the world,

from my hometown of Tel Aviv

to Adelaide, Australia.

This proved that Anonymous and this idea

can rally the masses from the keyboards

to the streets,

and it laid the foundations

for dozens of future operations

against perceived injustices

to their online and offline world.

Since then, they've gone after many targets.

They've uncovered corruption, abuse.

They've hacked popes and politicians,

and I think their effect is larger

than simple denial of service attacks

that take down websites

or even leak sensitive documents.

I think that, like Robin Hood,

they are in the business of redistribution,

but what they are after isn't your money.

It's not your documents. It's your attention.

They grab the spotlight for causes they support,

forcing us to take note,

acting as a global magnifying glass

for issues that we are not as aware of

but perhaps we should be.

They have been called many names

from criminals to terrorists,

and I cannot justify their illegal means,

but the ideas they fight for

are ones that matter to us all.

The reality is,

hackers can do a lot more than break things.

They can bring people together.

And if the Internet doesn't like it

when you try to remove things from it,

just watch what happens

when you try to shut the Internet down.

This took place in Egypt in January 2011,

and as President Hosni Mubarak

attempted a desperate move

to quash the rising revolution on the streets of Cairo,

he sent his personal troops

down to Egypt's Internet service providers

and had them physically kill the switch

on the country's connection to the world overnight.

For a government to do a thing like that

was unprecedented,

and for hackers, it made it personal.

Hackers like the Telecomix group

were already active on the ground,

helping Egyptians bypass censorship

using clever workarounds like Morse code

and ham radio.

It was high season for low tech,

which the government couldn't block,

but when the Net went completely down,

Telecomix brought in the big guns.

They found European service providers

that still had 20-year-old

analog dial-up access infrastructure.

They opened up 300 of those lines

for Egyptians to use,