Learning English. I'm Hugo.

Sam: And I'm Sam.

Hugo: And as you see we're not in the studio today. Like in

many parts of the world we're practising social distancing

and working from home. How are you doing there, Sam?

Sam: I'm doing OK. Thank you Hugo, but it is definitely

a strange world that we're living in right now, isn't it?

And I don't know if you remember but in our first

programme we talked about stories going viral, so

spreading around the internet really quickly and well now,

what we have is a real virus that has gone viral.

Hugo: Indeed. And that is going to be the focus of today's

programme. This pandemic has seen a large amount of fake

news attached to it. And as we sit at home browsing the

internet we may have come across many different stories

and theories of the causes of the virus or possible cures. So

today we're looking at fake news in the era of Covid-19.

But before we get to that Sam, do you have some vocabulary for us?

Sam: Yes I do. So today I'm focusing on some useful

vocabulary you might use if you think that what you've seen

online is not true.

Red flags are often used as a warning sign. In fact in

Britain when motor cars were first used on the streets the

law said that you had to have someone walking in front of the

vehicle carrying a red flag to warn other road users. These

days if a piece of information or a social media post

'raises a red flag' it means you are suspicious that it

might be fake news.

There are many red flags to watch out for. For example a

post that says something like 'the media doesn't want you to

know this' or maybe it's a meme or a quote that claims that a

politician you don't like has said or done something

terrible. These posts might be easy to share or they might

even say 'you must share this!' or 'share this if you agree'.

Those are some examples of red flags that could make you doubt

how true the information is.

We all like to share things and we all like it when things we

share are liked. But before you hit that share button it's a

good idea to fact-check the information the

verb fact-check, first used in the 1970s, simply means to

check the facts to confirm that the information is true.

There are quite a few fact- checking websites which can

help you to verify, prove, or debunk, disprove,

the information. Debunk, a verb from the 1920s, means to prove

or demonstrate that something is not true that it is

completely false. So fact- checking can help you to debunk

false claims made on social media.

Now you might be wondering, as there is a word debunk, is

there a word bunk? Well yes there is but it's not a verb

it's a noun. Bunk and also bunkum are words that mean

nonsense. Interestingly they are political in origin and

come from the county of Buncombe in the United States. This

county was represented by a politician who talked a lot

without saying anything important. So he talked bunkum.

Now back to the studio.

Hugo: Very interesting Sam, it certainly wasn't bunkum but

there was a piece of fake news there wasn't there? 'Back to

the studio'?

Sam: Yes, well spotted. I did record that section before I

knew that we would be filming from home for this episode so I

hope you will forgive me for that.

Hugo: Of course, now this pandemic has been dominating

the news for a long time now and there are many legitimate

areas of discussion to do with restrictions of movement,

testing, treatments and the economy.

Sam: But we've also seen a lot of different theories about the

virus which are not supported by any evidence but which many

people have still shared . Some of these are what are known as

conspiracy theories.

Hugo: And examples of conspiracy theories are that

the earth is flat or that the moon landings were fake and

even though these theories are comprehensively debunked some

people still strongly believe them. To find out more

about conspiracy theories we spoke to Professor Joe

Uscinski. He's an associate professor of political science

at the University of Miami and the author of the book

'Conspiracy Theories, a Primer'. We asked him first to

define the term conspiracy theory and why people

believe them.

A conspiracy theory is an allegation or an idea that a

small group of powerful people are working in secret to effect

an event or circumstance in a way that benefits them and

harms the common good. And further this theory hasn't been

confirmed by the people we would look to to confirm such

events. There is nothing new about conspiracy theories and

you can find them if you look through almost any historical

document.

So for example the United States Declaration of

Independence has a few paragraphs about politics. But

then once you read beneath that, it's largely a

list of conspiracy theories about the king of England. So

they exist amongst all people at all times. They're very much

a human constant. People like to have their ideas make sense

when in combination with each other. So in order for someone

to adopt a conspiracy theory that theory has to match with

what they already believe.

So for example if you really like President Obama, you're

probably not going to think that he faked his birth

certificate to illegally become president. If you really like

President Bush, you're not going to buy the theory that he

blew up the Twin Towers on 9/11.

So people's conspiracy theories have to match their underlying

world views that they already carry with them so that's why

people's conspiracy theories tend to match their political

persuasion whether they're liberal or conservative and

they have to match their other world views too.

So for that reason it's actually more difficult to

convince people of conspiracy theories than you might think.

Hugo: So we only really buy into a conspiracy theory if

it's in line with what we already think about the world.

Sam: Yes and that ties in with a lot of the fake news research

doesn't it? So people will share things they believe to be

true or want to be true because the ideas match with their own

political or ideological views.

I'd also like to mention the phrase 'buy' or 'buy into'

which he and you Hugo just used. So these both mean to

believe or accept that something is true and you can

use the phrase 'I don't buy it' if you are not convinced that

something is true. So for example, I heard somewhere

that eating lemons can cure coronavirus but I don't buy it.

Hugo: Absolutely. Now let's take a trip around the world.

We spoke to a number of our BBC colleagues across the globe to

find out what kind of fake news and conspiracy theories related

to Covid-19 have been shared on different continents and

apologies in advance for the quality of the line in some cases

Here in Afghanistan at the beginning of the Covid-19

crisis a mullah in the west off the country, in Herat,

compared the number of fatalities in Muslim countries

with the number of deaths in Western countries and after

that said that these numbers showed us the Covid-19 and

coronavirus does not kill Muslims. But he was absolutely

wrong. Nowadays we see the number of deaths in Muslim

countries and here in Afghanistan is rising day by day.

We have received a video and some content with some links

to internet, to some documents and so on, saying that the

virus has been created by U.S. scientists who have helped

Chinese scientists in Wuhan.

But, less than two weeks later we have received another video

and other video in the same line, on the same topic

saying that the virus has been created by Chinese helped by

French scientists. But what was worse is that it's roughly the

same images. The same images that they're giving as evidence

of the of fraud. This shows clearly that it's a fake.

Here in Brazil there are a lot of messages on WhatsApp and

other social media showing photos and videos of people

opening up coffins in cemeteries and showing them

full of stones. And they use this to support the conspiracy

theory that people are like, increasing the number of deaths

artificially just to create problems to our president,

you know.

There are a lot of these messages with these images to

support this idea that this situation is created to, to

hurt him politically. But these images are from like a case two

years ago in a city in Sao Paulo state, in the country,

that was like, a fraud, to insurance you know, like two

years ago. So yeah this is one of the things that are

happening here because of the pandemic.

Here in Hong Kong. I've heard many theories and you can

always find the most confidential intelligence in my

mother's mobile phone. There was a time I received an urgent

call from her only to find that she started reading a WhatsApp

message to me that was about how the U.S. military smuggled

coronavirus to Wuhan in order to destroy China's fast growing

economy. Of course that was absolutely groundless. However

the message was circulated widely in her social circle.

They are patriots who tend to believe any conspiracy theories

targeted at the U.S. authority. So even if I could convince her

that the information was fake this time she would only send

me another one next time. It's just unstoppable.

Hugo: So we hear there some typical examples of fake news

such as real photographs being deliberately mis-described and

examples of the kind of belief in conspiracy theories

Professor Uscinski was talking about.

Sam: Yes and we hear that people want to share these

theories because they have a negative view of a particular

country and are happy to believe almost anything

negative they hear about them.

I'd also like to pick out a particular word that Billy Chan

used. He used the word 'groundless' to refer to

some claims. 'Groundless' means not based on any evidence.

There's no proof for it.

Hugo: So there we had some insights from around the world.

Let's look closer to home now we're joined by our BBC

colleague Marianna Spring. Thanks for being with us. So if

you can just explain the work you do here at the BBC first.

Marianna: Yes, so I am the specialist disinformation

reporter which means that me along with a team at BBC

Trending who are part of the World Service and BBC

Monitoring and BBC Reality Check. And so we investigate

misleading posts as well as looking to tell the stories of

the people who fight and spread misinformation across the world.

Hugo: So you must be really really busy. Is it your feeling

that from what you've seen that disinformation, conspiracy

theories about Covid-19 are very different around the world?

Marianna: I think this pandemic is particularly interesting because

most of the misleading stuff we've seen has actually been

incredibly global. So there was one particularly viral case

that we tracked, a list of dodgy medical myths and tips,

and it hopped from the Facebook page of a man in the U.K. to

Facebook groups for Catholics living in India to the

Instagram account of a Ghanaian television presenter. So this

stuff really goes global and is attributed to a range of

different people, to hospitals, professors doctors in the US,

in Africa in Europe.

There's no limit to to who it can be who is alleged to have

started or spread the rumour. However. I do think there are

also specific instances of conspiracy theories or

misleading information that are specific to certain countries.

In other places, for instance in the U.K. there's been a

conspiracy theory relating to 5G suggesting that 5G

technology could perhaps be linked to coronavirus and the

spread of it. Those claims are totally false. But I think

because here in the U.K. we've been talking lots about 5G

technology and how it will be rolled out they've felt relevant.

And then in other countries across the world there are

specific home remedies or suggestions, for instance in

China or Vietnam, which have caused harm to people because

they believed they would prevent or cure coronavirus.

Hugo: And how can we in the mainstream media help

particularly in a time when we're being attacked, we're not

always trusted by people?

Marianna: I think there are two crucial things that we can do

to cover this area for different audiences. The first

one is not just to show our answers but to show the

workings. So when we reveal that something is false or

misleading we don't just put that assertion out there. We

also show how we reach that point. We show how we

investigated a specific post or specific claims and why they're

untrue. And I think that's a really good way of letting

people into how we operate and actually gaining their trust.

And secondly I think it's crucial to educate audiences in

how they can both spot and stop misleading stuff spreading

online. So there are certain red flags that we look out for

when we see something online that makes me think "Oh that

looks a bit suspicious". One of them will be these

introductions I've mentioned where a friend's brother's